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I am an independent historian and commentator specializing in European memory, conflict, and reconciliation.

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When Confrontation Creates Its Own Constituency – Part I

Once an economic system reorganises itself around confrontation, constituencies emerge that benefit from confrontation.

Sanctions Hurt Russia. But Europe Is Paying Too.

The balance sheet ignored: sanctions have costs for the countries imposing them too.

When Brussels Dislikes the Message, It Buys a Better Messenger

One has to admire the efficiency of the diagnosis. People distrust us. Therefore, we require better communications. Problem solved.

Europe Is Preparing for War. Who Is Preparing for Peace?

Something disturbing is happening to Europe’s language of security. It is no longer merely becoming harder. It is becoming narrower.

Human Transition Reflection - Two China’s AI Classroom: When Education Becomes National Strategy

What capabilities will the next generation require if artificial intelligence becomes a foundational technology of economic and national life?

Europe at the Crossroads - Part III Can Europe Become an Industrial Power Again?

From Defensive Regulation to Economic Offensive

Europe at the Crossroads - Part II The Draghi Report: Europe’s Last Chance?

Why Europe Understands the Problem but Struggles to Act

The EU’s Gamble with the Well-being of its Citizens

Life beyond the current heat waves

Europe at the Crossroads - Part 1 Can Europe Survive a Trade War with China?

Why Europe’s Industrial Challenge Begins Long Before Tariffs

When Democracies Begin to Fear Questions

Across Europe, a series of developments has raised uncomfortable questions about the relationship between national security and freedom of expression.