By Vasudev Ram
Tee image attribution
Hi readers,
A few days ago, while doing some work with Python and Unix (which I do a lot of), I got the idea of trying to implement something like the Unix tee command, but within Python code - i.e., not as a Python program but as a small Python class that Python programmers could use to get tee-like functionality in their code.
Today I wrote the class and a test program and tried it out. Here is the code, in file tee.py:
# tee.py
# Purpose: A Python class with a write() method which, when
# used instead of print() or sys.stdout.write(), for writing
# output, will cause output to go to both sys.stdout and
# the filename passed to the class's constructor. The output
# file is called the teefile in the below comments and code.
# The idea is to do something roughly like the Unix tee command,
# but from within Python code, using this class in your program.
# The teefile will be overwritten if it exists.
# The class also has a writeln() method which is a convenience
# method that adds a newline at the end of each string it writes,
# so that the user does not have to.
# Python's string formatting language is supported (without any
# effort needed in this class), since Python's strings support it,
# not the print method.
# Author: Vasudev Ram
# Web site: https://vasudevram.github.io
# Blog: https://jugad2.blogspot.com
# Product store: https://gumroad.com/vasudevram
from __future__ import print_function
import sys
from error_exit import error_exit
class Tee(object):
def __init__(self, tee_filename):
try:
self.tee_fil = open(tee_filename, "w")
except IOError as ioe:
error_exit("Caught IOError: {}".format(repr(ioe)))
except Exception as e:
error_exit("Caught Exception: {}".format(repr(e)))
def write(self, s):
sys.stdout.write(s)
self.tee_fil.write(s)
def writeln(self, s):
self.write(s + '\n')
def close(self):
try:
self.tee_fil.close()
except IOError as ioe:
error_exit("Caught IOError: {}".format(repr(ioe)))
except Exception as e:
error_exit("Caught Exception: {}".format(repr(e)))
def main():
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
error_exit("Usage: python {} teefile".format(sys.argv[0]))
tee = Tee(sys.argv[1])
tee.write("This is a test of the Tee Python class.\n")
tee.writeln("It is inspired by the Unix tee command,")
tee.write("which can send output to both a file and stdout.\n")
i = 1
s = "apple"
tee.writeln("This line has interpolated values like {} and '{}'.".format(i, s))
tee.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
And when I ran it, I got this output:$ python tee.py test_tee.out This is a test of the Tee Python class. It is inspired by the Unix tee command, which can send output to both a file and stdout. This line has interpolated values like 1 and 'apple'. $ type test_tee.out This is a test of the Tee Python class. It is inspired by the Unix tee command, which can send output to both a file and stdout. This line has interpolated values like 1 and 'apple'. $ python tee.py test_tee.out > main.out $ fc /l main.out test_tee.out Comparing files main.out and TEST_TEE.OUT FC: no differences encounteredAs you can see, I compared the teefile with the redirected stdout output, and they are the same.
I have not implemented the exact same features as the Unix tee. E.g. I did not implement the -a option (to append to a teefile if it exists, instead of overwriting it), and did not implement the option of multiple teefiles. Both are straightforward.
Ideas for the use of this Tee class and programs using it:
- the obvious one - use it like the Unix tee, to both make a copy of some program's output in a file, and show the same output on the screen. We could even pipe the screen (i.e. stdout) output to a Python (or other) text file pager :-)
- to capture intermediate output of some of the commands in a pipeline, before the later commands change it. For another way of doing that, see:
Using PipeController to run a pipe incrementally
- use it to make multiple copies of a file, by implementing the Unix tee command's multiple output file option in the Tee class.
Then we can even use it like this, so we don't get any screen output, and also copy some data to multiple files in a single step:
program_using_tee_class.py >/dev/null # or >NUL if on Windows.
Assuming that multiple teefiles were specified when creating the Tee object that the program will use, this will cause multiple copies of the program's output to be made in different specified teefiles, while the screen output will be thrown away. IOW, it will act like a command to copy some data (the output of the Python program) to multiple locations at the same time, e.g. one could be on a directory on your hard disk, another could be on a USB thumb/pen drive, a third could be on a network share, etc. The advantage here is that by copying from the source only once, to multiple destinations, we avoid reading or generating data multiple times, one for the copy to each destination. This can be more efficient, particularly for large outputs / copies.
For more fun Unixy / Pythonic stdin / stdout / pipe stuff, check out:
[xtopdf] PDFWriter can create PDF from standard input
and a follow-up post, that shows how to use the StdinToPDF program in that post, along with my selpg Unix C utility, to print only selected pages of text to PDF:
Print selected text pages to PDF with Python, selpg and xtopdf on Linux
Enjoy your tea :)
- Vasudev Ram - Online Python training and consulting
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