Stories by Deeptiman Pattnaik on Medium
Introduction Every flip-flop inside the FPGA relies on a clock signal to determine when data should be sampled. Between two clock edges, electrical signals propagate through combinational logic, eventually arriving at the next register. If data arrives too late or changes too early, the receiving flip-flop may capture an incorrect value ( logic-0 or logic-1 ); this scenario is known as…
Programming an FPGA is very different from programming in an application-level language like C, C++, Go, or Java. The traditional execution of high-level languages is sequential, following a set of instructions: if this, then do that; else, don’t do that. FPGA programming, a developer can write a module in Verilog, VHDL, or SystemVerilog to solve problems in parallel. Thinking in Hardware: Key…
In this article, I’ll share my journey of learning FPGA architecture from the ground up, beginning with digital logic, Look-Up Tables (LUTs), flip-flops, and clock-driven circuit design. We’ll explore the building blocks that make FPGA systems possible, including Boolean logic, Look-Up Tables (LUTs), flip-flops, clock signals, and configurable logic fabrics . These concepts form the foundation for…
Cryptographic hash functions are foundational to the construction of practical cryptographic systems. A hash function transforms input data of arbitrary length into a fixed-length message digest that is easy to compute but impossible to invert. Once a digest is produced, recovering the original message is computationally infeasible. Hash functions are widely used in cryptographic applications,…
Elliptic Curve Method Visualization for Integer Factorization: The Palm Jumeirah as an Analogy via j-invariants and Curve Selection The Palm Jumeirah Island Analogy Imagine the Elliptic Curve Method as exploring Palm Jumeirah , Dubai’s iconic palm-shaped island. The island represents an elliptic curve y² = x³ + ax + b mod M , where M is the number to factor ( a product of unknown primes ). Fronds…
DIY — UniFi Security Surveillance System Setup In this article, I’ll discuss setting up an enterprise-grade network security surveillance system with UniFi (Ubiquiti), which has enhanced our home security and privacy. Over the past few months, my brother Anshuman and I have worked on this project to set up a smart home security system that can be managed from one console and accessed globally.…
Golang released generic programming with a specific goal for developers to write a standard set of types to utilize as type parameters for functions and type structs. The syntax to write a generic function is like ` func F[T any] (p T){ … } ` that can be used to perform a common use case. Also, types can have type parameters list ` type O[T1, T2 any] struct . We’ll see more examples of the syntax…
Payment Card Industry In financial engineering, the Payment Card Industry (PCI) provides a secure modem to the merchant & customer to pay for goods via various electronic interfaces like ATMs, credit/debit cards , and mobile payment apps (GooglePay, SamsungPay, and many others). With increasing cyber fraud & theft of potential user data, many software companies invest heavily in R&D in developing…
Authentication In enterprise software applications, a user’s identity defines a role in accessing protected resources within the organization. Identity management requires a secure authentication process to validate user credentials to authorize digital content access. There are many different processes to define a digital identity in an enterprise software application. Identity management…
Introduction In Cloud authentication services, the resource owner sets credentials on the protected resources. Thus client web application requires passing the username & password as auth parameters transmitted over the network to provide access to the restricted resources. In client applications with older authentication mechanisms, the same credentials can be used repeatedly without expiration…