General Game Playing

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General Game Playing, (GGP)
an approach of Artificial Intelligence programs to be able to play more than one game successfully. For games like chess, computers are programmed to play these games using a specially designed algorithm - a chess playing program cannot play checkers. A General Game Playing system, if well designed, would be able to help in other areas, such as in providing intelligence for search and rescue missions ¹. One well known commercial General Game program is Zillions of Games by Jeff Mallett and Mark Lefler ² .

GVGP

General video game playing (GVGP) is the concept of GGP adjusted to the purpose of playing video games ³, and to apply reinforcement learning and Monte-Carlo tree search to master video and Atari games of skill and strategy.

Selected Publications

1968 ...

• Jacques Pitrat (1968) Realization of a general game-playing program. IFIP Congress (2) 1570-1574

1970 ...

• Jacques Pitrat (1971). A General Game Playing Program. in Artificial Intelligence and Heuristic Programming (eds. Findler and Meltzer), pp. 125-155. Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-85224-199-2.
• Herbert L. Dershem (1979). A General Game Playing Program. Personal Computing, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 70

1990 ...

• Barney Pell (1992). Metagame: A New Challenge for Games and Learning. Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence 3
• Barney Pell (1992). Metagame in Symmetric, Chess-Like Games. Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence 3
• Barney Pell (1993). Strategy Generation and Evaluation for Meta-Game Playing. Ph.D: thesis, Trinity College, Cambridge, pdf
• Barney Pell (1993). A Strategic Metagame Player for General Chess-Like Games. AAAI Technical Report FS-93-02, pdf
• Michael Gherrity (1993). A Game Learning Machine. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, San Diego, advisor Paul Kube, pdf, pdf
• Barney Pell, Susan L. Epstein, Robert Levinson (1996). Introduction to the special issue on games: Structure and Learning. Computational Intelligence, Vol. 12, No. 1
• Robert Levinson (1996). General Game-Playing and Reinforcement Learning. Computational Intelligence, Vol. 12, No. 1
• Barney Pell (1996). A Strategic Metagame Player for General Chess-Like Games. Computational Intelligence, Vol. 12, No. 1
• John Romein, Henri Bal, Dick Grune (1997). An Application Domain Specific Language for Describing Board Games. PDPTA 1997, CiteSeerX

2000 ...

• John Romein, Henri Bal, Dick Grune (2000). The Multigame Reference Manual. Vrije Universiteit, pdf
• John Romein (2001). Multigame - An Environment for Distributed Game-Tree Search. Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit, supervisor Henri Bal, pdf
• Tomoyuki Kaneko, Kazunori Yamaguchi, Satoru Kawai (2001). Automatic Feature Construction and Optimization for General Game Player. 6th Game Programming Workshop, Hakone
• Tomoyuki Kaneko, Kazunori Yamaguchi, Satoru Kawai (2002). Pattern Selection Problem for Automatically Generating Evaluation Functions For General Game Player. 7th Game Programming Workshop, Hakone
• Tomoyuki Kaneko, Kazunori Yamaguchi, Satoru Kawai (2003). Automated Identification of Patterns in Evaluation Functions for General Game Players. Advances in Computer Games 10

2005 ...

• Michael Genesereth, Nathaniel Love, et al. (2005). General Game Playing: Game Description Language Specification. Technical report, Stanford University
• Michael Genesereth, Nathaniel Love, Barney Pell (2005). General Game Playing: Overview of the AAAI Competition. AI Magazine, Vol. 26, No. 2, pdf
• Michael Thielscher (2005). Flux: A logic programming method for reasoning agents. Theory Pract.Log. Program, 5(4-5)
• Stephan Schiffel, Michael Thielscher (2007). Fluxplayer: A successful general game player. Proceedings of the AAAI National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pdf
• Michel Quenault, Tristan Cazenave (2007). Extended General Gaming Model. CGW 2007
• James Clune (2007). Heuristic Evaluation Functions for General Game Playing. AAAI 2007, pdf
• Joseph Reisinger, Erkin Bahçeci, Igor Karpov, Risto Miikkulainen (2007). Coevolving Strategies for General Game Playing. CIG 2007
• Hilmar Finnsson, Yngvi Björnsson. (2008). Simulation-Based Approach to General Game Playing. In The Twenty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI Press, 2008. Accepted. pdf, pdf
• Jean Méhat, Tristan Cazenave (2008). Ary: A Program for General Game Playing. pdf
• Jean Méhat, Tristan Cazenave (2008). Monte-Carlo Tree Search for General Game Playing. pdf
• Michael Thielscher (2008). Artificial Intelligence and General Game Playing. Workshop Chess and Mathematics » General Game Playing
• Mesut Kirci, Jonathan Schaeffer, Nathan Sturtevant (2009). Feature Learning Using State Differences. pdf
• Stephan Schiffel, Michael Thielscher (2009). Automated Theorem Proving for General Game Playing. IJCAI 2009

2010 ...

• Jean Méhat, Tristan Cazenave (2010). Combining UCT and Nested Monte-Carlo Search for Single-Player General Game Playing. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 2, No. 4, pdf 2009
• Mesut Kirci (2010). Feature Learning using State Differences. Master's thesis, Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, pdf
• Stephan Schiffel (2010). Symmetry Detection in General Game Playing. AAAI 2010
• Karol Walędzik, Jacek Mańdziuk (2010). CI in General Game Playing - to date Achievements and Perspectives. 10. ICAISC, pdf

2011

• Michael Thielscher (2011). The General Game Playing Description Language Is Universal. IJCAI 2011 pdf
• Jean Méhat, Tristan Cazenave (2011). A Parallel General Game Player. KI Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1, pdf
• Mesut Kirci, Nathan Sturtevant, Jonathan Schaeffer (2011). A GGP Feature Learning Algorithm. KI 25(1): 35-42, pdf
• Michael Thielscher (2011). Special Issue on General Game Playing. KI 25(1)
• Abdallah Saffidine, Tristan Cazenave (2011). A forward chaining based game description language compiler. GIGA 2011
• Stephan Schiffel (2011). Knowledge-Based General Game Playing. Ph.D. thesis, Dresden University of Technology, advisor Michael Thielscher and Yngvi Björnsson, pdf

2012

• Ji Ruan, Michael Thielscher (2012). Model Checking Games in GDL-II. ECAI CGW 2012
• Daniel Michulke, Stephan Schiffel (2012). Distance Features for General Game Playing Agents. 4. ICAART 2012, pdf
• Jacek Mańdziuk, Maciej Świechowski (2012). Generic Heuristic Approach to General Game Playing. 38. SOFSEM, pdf

2013

• Michael Genesereth, Yngvi Björnsson (2013). The International 
General Game Playing Competition. AI Magazine, Vol. 34, No. 2
• Yngvi Björnsson, Stephan Schiffel (2013). Comparison of GDL Reasoners. IJCAI 2013 ⁴
• Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver, Alex Graves, Ioannis Antonoglou, Daan Wierstra, Martin Riedmiller (2013). Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning. arXiv:1312.5602 ⁵
• John Levine, Clare Bates Congdon, Marc Ebner, Graham Kendall, Simon Lucas, Risto Miikkulainen, Tom Schaul, Tommy Thompson (2013). General Video Game Playing. Artificial and Computational Intelligence in Games 2013
• Marc Ebner, John Levine, Simon Lucas, Tom Schaul, Tommy Thompson, Julian Togelius (2013). Towards a Video Game Description Language. Artificial and Computational Intelligence in Games 2013

2014

• Michael Genesereth, Michael Thielscher (2014). General Game Playing. Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, March 2014
• Stephan Schiffel, Michael Thielscher (2014). Representing and Reasoning About the Rules of General Games With Imperfect Information. JAIR Vol. 49
• Édouard Bonnet, Abdallah Saffidine (2014). On the Complexity of General Game Playing. ECAI CGW 2014
• Jean-Noël Vittaut, Jean Méhat (2014). Fast Instantiation of GGP Game Descriptions Using Prolog with Tabling. ECAI CGW 2014
• Karol Walędzik, Jacek Mańdziuk (2014). An Automatically Generated Evaluation Function in General Game Playing. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 6, No. 3
• Abdallah Saffidine (2014). The Game Description Language is Turingcomplete. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 6, No. 4
• Maciej Świechowski, Jacek Mańdziuk (2014). Self-Adaptation of Playing Strategies in General Game Playing. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, Vol. 6, No. 4

2015 ...

• Alexander Braylan, Mark Hollenbeck, Elliot Meyerson, Risto Miikkulainen (2015). Reuse of Neural Modules for General Video Game Playing. arXiv:1512.01537
• Cameron Browne (2016). A Class Grammar for General Games. CG 2016
• Nera Nesic, Stephan Schiffel (2016). Heuristic Function Evaluation Framework. CG 2016
• Maciej Świechowski, Jacek Mańdziuk (2016). A Hybrid Approach to Parallelization of Monte Carlo Tree Search in General Game Playing. Challenging Problems and Solutions in Intelligent Systems, Springer
• Tristan Cazenave, Abdallah Saffidine, Michael Schofield, Michael Thielscher (2016). Nested Monte Carlo Search for Two-Player Games. AAAI 2016, pdf
• Michael Thielscher (2017). GDL-III: A Description Language for Epistemic General Game Playing. IJCAI 2017, pdf
• Hui Wang, Michael Emmerich, Aske Plaat (2018). Monte Carlo Q-learning for General Game Playing. arXiv:1802.05944 » MCTS, Reinforcement Learning
• Hui Wang, Michael Emmerich, Aske Plaat (2018). Assessing the Potential of Classical Q-learning in General Game Playing. arXiv:1810.06078
• Armin Chitizadeh, Michael Thielscher (2018). Iterative Tree Search in General Game Playing with Incomplete Information. CGW 2018 @ IJCAI 2018
• Armin Chitizadeh, Michael Thielscher (2018). General Language Evolution in General Game Playing. Australasian Conference on Artificial Intelligence 2018
• Eric Piette, Dennis Soemers, Matthew Stephenson, Chiara Sironi, Mark Winands, Cameron Browne (2019). Ludii - The Ludemic General Game System. arXiv:1905.05013
• Cameron Browne, Matthew Stephenson, Eric Piette, Dennis Soemers (2019). A Practical Introduction to the Ludii General Game System. Advances in Computer Games 16

2020 ...

• Tristan Cazenave, Yen-Chi Chen, Guan-Wei Chen, Shi-Yu Chen, Xian-Dong Chiu, Julien Dehos, Maria Elsa, Qucheng Gong, Hengyuan Hu, Vasil Khalidov, Cheng-Ling Li, Hsin-I Lin, Yu-Jin Lin, Xavier Martinet, Vegard Mella, Jeremy Rapin, Baptiste Roziere, Gabriel Synnaeve, Fabien Teytaud, Olivier Teytaud, Shi-Cheng Ye, Yi-Jun Ye, Shi-Jim Yen, Sergey Zagoruyko (2020). Polygames: Improved zero learning. ICGA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4, arXiv:2001.09832
• Raluca D. Gaina, Sam Devlin, Simon Lucas, Diego Perez-Liebana (2020). Rolling Horizon Evolutionary Algorithms for General Video Game Playing. arXiv:2003.12331
• Martin Balla, Simon Lucas, Diego Perez-Liebana (2020). Evaluating Generalisation in General Video Game Playing. arXiv:2005.11247
• Dennis Soemers, Eric Piette, Matthew Stephenson, Cameron Browne (2021). Optimised Playout Implementations for the Ludii General Game System. Advances in Computer Games 17
• Cameron Browne, Eric Piette, Matthew Stephenson, Dennis Soemers (2021). General Board Geometry. Advances in Computer Games 17
• Dennis Soemers, Vegard Mella, Cameron Browne, Olivier Teytaud (2021). Deep learning for general game playing with Ludii and Polygames. ICGA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 3

External Links

General Game Playing

• General Game Playing from Wikipedia
• General video game playing from Wikipedia
• General Game Playing from Stanford
• Digital Ludeme Project from Maastricht University

GDL

• Game Description Language from Wikipedia
• Game Description Language (GDL) from Stanford
• Palamedes IDE Eclipse plugin for GDL

Player

• CADIAPlayer
• Research - FluxPlayer
• Ludii Portal
• GitHub - Ludeme/Ludii: The Ludii general game system, developed as part of the ERC-funded Digital Ludeme Project
• Open-sourcing Polygames, a new framework for training AI bots through self-play
• GitHub - facebookarchive/Polygames: The project is a platform of zero learning with a library of games

References