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Opinio Juris

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Iran’s Strikes on the Kurdistan Region: The Limits of Self-Defence Against Non-State Actors

[Arez Rizgari is an Iranian scholar. The author is writing under a pseudonym because they are concerned that this post will subject them to political retaliation or restrictions on their academic freedom by Iranian authorities.] On the morning of 17 July 2026, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) struck the offices of the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan in the...

The 2026 Deadlock Over Consultative Status Under the Antarctic Treaty

[Luis Valentín Ferrada (Chile) is a professor of international law at the Universidad de Chile, Faculty of Law, where he leads the Antarctic Studies Program (U-Antártica) and is a principal investigator at the Millennium Institute for Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE). He collaborates with different research teams of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research…

From Medkits to Punk Rock: Pop Culture and the Non-Negotiable Protection of the Red Cross Emblem

[Rafael Braga da Silva is an international criminal and human rights lawyer] The symbol of the red cross against a white field has become common in modern media. It has been used in books, movies, videogames, toys and costumes throughout. Its meaning usually deemed obvious: a red cross on a white field equals health, healing, recovery. It is ubiquitous visual...

From Teachings as Repositories to Teachings as Gateways: Revisiting the Use of Teachings Under Article 38(1)(d) of the ICJ Statute in Germany v. Italy

[Aldo Zammit Borda is a Professor at The City Law School, City St George’s, University of London. Stefan Mandelbaum is a Lecturer at Leicester Law School, University of Leicester. Andrea Maria Pelliconi is a Lecturer in Human Rights Law at the University of Southampton.] The ICJ’s 2012 judgment in Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) has...

Venezuela’s “Firm and Unwavering” Decision to Leave the International Criminal Court: From the Political Turmoil to the Legal Loopholes

[Efrén Ismael Sifontes Torres is an Ayudante de Segunda in international law courses, and the academic co-coordinator of the Observatory of International Humanitarian Law, for the University of Buenos Aires School of Law] On 24 July, the Venezuelan’s interim authorities announced through their Minister of Foreign Affairs’ X account, the “firm and unwavering” decision to withdraw from the Rome…

The Ignored Dictatorship of Nicaragua: Legalization of the Authoritarian Regime and the Constant Deterioration of Human Rights

[Tomás Cristóbal Alonso Sandoval Tomás has a PhD in Advanced Studies in Human Rights (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid), and is a lawyer, international litigator, university professor, and researcher] The Forgotten Dictatorship: An Authoritarianism Operating in Silence The expression “forgotten dictatorship” accurately describes the Nicaraguan situation because, although international…

The Expansionist Approach of Self-defence has Undermined International Law

[Benazir Jatoi is a UK-based human rights lawyer from Pakistan. She has consulted with the UNFPA and UNWomen, Pakistan.] It is essential that countries critically re-examine the expansionist approach to self-defence. This is because it has become an arbitrary tool of affluent military powers to justify war and set dangerous precedents of raw and brutal force, causing devastating human…

Lessons from the Karim Khan Affair and Proposals for Reform

[William A. Schabas is Professor of international law at Middlesex University London and Professor emeritus at Leiden University and the University of Galway] There are important lessons to be learned from the lengthy crisis leading to the 24 July 2026 decision of the Assembly of States Parties to remove Karim Khan as Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. This article...

Forced Sterilisation and Transformative Reparations: The Inter‑American Court’s Seminal Judgment in Ramos Durand et al. v. Peru

[Clara Sandoval is an international human rights lawyer, Honorary Professor at Essex University, and founding member of the Essex Transitional Justice Network. She is also a visiting professor at the Geneva Academy, and Director of Programmes at the Global Survivors Fund where she works on reparation.] The author served as expert in this case, providing analysis on Peru’s reparations framework,...

Is Computer Data an ‘Object’ Under IHL? The Debate in Armed Conflict Involving Cyber Operations

[Kenaw Akililu is currently a MAS candidate in the Master of Advanced Studies in Transitional Justice, Human Rights and Rule of Law at the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, and a former law lecturer at Bahir Dar University] Introduction Cyber operations and targeting of cyber infrastructure, including data centres, are increasingly employed during armed conflict…

Dangerous Opportunity: Recognizing Somaliland – and New Realities

[Timothy William Waters is the Richard S. Melvin Professor at Indiana University Maurer School of Law, and author of Boxing Pandora: Rethinking Borders, States, and Secession in a Democratic World (Yale University Press, 2020). His new book on secession in the United States is tentatively titled Unmapping America: The Case for A New Declaration of Independence (The New Press, forthcoming...

The Psychology of Arbitration in the AI Era: Human–AI Interaction, Cognitive Bias, and the Reliability of Arbitral Decision-Making

[Amin Motamedi is an Arbitrator at the Iranian Chamber of Commerce (ACIC), a university lecturer, and holds a PhD in international law] Artificial intelligence (AI) has increasingly been employed in a wide range of professional contexts, including legal analysis and dispute resolution. Practitioners have relied on AI tools to address legal questions, conduct analytical assessments, and, in certain…