Registration is now open for CppCon 2026! The conference starts on September 12 and will be held in person in Aurora, CO. To whet your appetite for this year’s conference, we’re posting some upcoming talks that you will be able to attend this year. Here’s another CppCon future talk we hope you will enjoy – and register today for CppCon 2026!

What Are We Synchronizing?

Tuesday, September 15, 2026 14:00 - 15:00 MDT

by Robert Leahy

Summary of the talk:

Atomic memory ordering is often taught operationally: Use acquire here, release there, and perhaps add a fence “to be safe.” This approach tends to produce cargo-cult synchronization, where atomic operations are selected mechanically without a clear understanding of what information is actually being propagated between threads. In practice, memory ordering is not about memorizing enum values, but about establishing which facts become visible to which observers, and when.

This talk approaches atomic synchronization from first principles. Beginning with the fundamental ideas of publication, visibility, ownership transfer, and synchronization edges, the talk incrementally develops several concurrent structures drawn from real asynchronous systems. Case studies include outstanding-work reference counting, a multi-producer singly-linked publication structure, a concurrently-mutated doubly-linked intrusive list, and the coordination machinery underlying a concurrent operation with multiple concurrent completion modalities. Each structure is used to derive the synchronization requirements imposed by its invariants, rather than selecting memory orderings mechanically.

Along the way, the talk explores the practical meaning of relaxed operations, acquire/release synchronization, and atomic thread fences. Particular attention is paid to understanding what each actually does, when it is necessary, and when it has become a decorative synchronization cargo cult. The goal is not simply to present lock-free algorithms, but to develop a principled way of reasoning about memory visibility and synchronization in real concurrent systems.