Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
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|
| Voiceless palatal lateral fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 𝼆 | |||
| ʎ̥˔ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | 𝼆 | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+1DF06 | ||
| |||
| Voiceless palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʎ̥ | |
| IPA number | 157 402A |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | L_0 |
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɬ̠ʲ |
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l̠̊ʲ |
A voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages. This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with [ʎ].
The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021. Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.
If distinction is necessary, a voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent. The approximant also occurs and can be represented as ⟨l̠̊ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̥˖⟩.
Features
[edit]Features of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]Palatal
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bura[citation needed] | [example needed] | Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/. | |||
| Dahalo[citation needed] | [𝼆aːbu] | 'leaf' | Contrasts with [ɬ] and [ɬʷ] | ||
| Faroese[1] | kjálki | [ˈt͡ʃʰaʎ̥t͡ʃɪ] | 'jaw' | Allophone of /l/.[1] See Faroese phonology | |
| Inupiaq[2] | sikł̣aq | [sik𝼆̟ɑq] | 'pickaxe' | Alveolo-palatal;[2] also described as an approximant.[3] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | |
| nuiŋił̣ł̣uni | [nuiŋi𝼆̟ːuni] | 'because it did not appear' | |||
| Kumeyaay[4] | kałyəxwiiw | [kɑ𝼆əxʷeːw] | 'skunk' | Rare in word-initial position.[4] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | |
| Norwegian | Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk[5] | alt | [ɑʎ̥c] | 'everything, all' | Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/.[5] See Norwegian phonology |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk[5] | tatle | [tɑʎ̥] | 'acting silly' | According to some scholars,[6][7] it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.)[5] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[8] | coilltean | [ˈkʰɤiʎ̥tʲən] | 'woods' | Allophone of /ʎ/ before /tʲʰ/.[8] | |
| Turkish[9] | dil | [ˈd̟iʎ̟̊] | 'tongue' | Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.[9] See Turkish phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[10] | [ʎ̥˖o˦] | 'spirit' | Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.[10][11] | |
| Upper[11] | [ʎ̥˖ɛ˦] | 'flavorless' | |||
Post-palatal
[edit]| Voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar lateral fricative | |
|---|---|
| 𝼆̠ | |
| 𝼄̟ |
Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language of Dagestan, has four voiceless palatal lateral fricatives: plain [𝼆], labialized [𝼆ʷ], fortis [𝼆ː], and labialized fortis [𝼆ːʷ]. Although clearly fricatives, these are further back than palatals in most languages, but further forward than velars in most languages, and might better be called post-palatal or pre-velar. Archi also has a voiced fricative, as well as a voiceless and several ejective lateral velar affricates, but no alveolar lateral fricatives or affricates.[12]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Archi[12] | лъат | [𝼄̟at] | 'sea' | Pre-velar.[13] | |
Notes
[edit]- 1 2 Árnason (2011), p. 115.
- 1 2 MacLean (1980), p. XX.
- ↑ Kaplan (1981), p. 29.
- 1 2 Langdon (1966), p. 33.
- 1 2 3 4 Vanvik (1979), p. 37.
- ↑ Such as Vanvik (1979)
- ↑ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.
- 1 2 Mac Gill-Fhinnein (1966), p. 11.
- 1 2 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
- 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
- 1 2 "the Archi language tutorial" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
- ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 207. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
References
[edit]- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Mac Gill-Fhinnein, Gòrdan (1966), Gàidhlig Uidhist a Deas, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 978-1-85500-215-9
- Langdon, Margaret (1966). A Grammar of Diegueño: The Mesa Grande Dialect (PhD thesis). Berkeley: University of California.
- MacLean, Edna Ahgeak (1980), Iñupiallu Tanņiḷḷu Uqaluņisa Iḷaņich = Abridged Iñupiaq and English Dictionary (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, p. xvii-xx, retrieved 20 December 2017[dead link]
- Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1981), Phonological Issues in North Alaskan Inupiaq (PDF), Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, pp. 21–29, retrieved 20 December 2017
- Scholtz, Anna (2009), A phonetic study of the status of three mergers in the Trøndersk dialect of Norwegian (PDF), Williamstown, Massachusetts: Williams College
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
