"Tropheryma"
| "Tropheryma" | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Kingdom: | Bacillati |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetes |
| Order: | Micrococcales |
| Family: | "Tropherymataceae" Nouioui et al. 2018[1] |
| Genus: | "Tropheryma" La Scola et al. 2001[2] |
| Species: | "T. whipplei" |
| Binomial name | |
| "Tropheryma whipplei" La Scola et al. 2001[2] | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
| |
"Tropheryma whipplei" is a rod-shaped, environmental actinomycete that is the causative organism of Whipple's disease, and rarely, endocarditis.[2][4][5]
As of 2008, the species, genus, and family name are considered to be invalid due to irregularities in the deposition of type material and are thus styled in quotation marks.[6]
Microbiology
[edit]While "T. whipplei" is categorized with the Gram-positive Actinomycetota, the organism is commonly found to be Gram-positive or Gram-indeterminate when stained in the laboratory.[2] Whipple himself probably observed the organisms as rod-shaped structures with silver stain in his original case.[7]
"T. whipplei" is most closely related to Dermatophilus congolensis, Arthrobacter globiformis, Cellulomonas hominis and Rothia dentocariosa, and is distantly related to Streptomyces spp. and Mycobacterium spp. The bacterium is currently classified in an intermediate position between cellulomonads and actinomycetes containing the group B peptidoglycan.[4]
Microscopic examination of periodic acid Schiff stained duodenal or jejunal biopsy specimens in Whipple's disease patients reveals infiltration of the lamina propria by large macrophages containing granular, foamy periodic acid Schiff positive inclusions that are resistant to diastase.[5] Additionally, staining with silver stain and Gram stain can also produce positive results.[4] However, involvement of the gastrointestinal tract or lymphatic tissue can be accompanied by noncaseating, epithelioid cells which would stain PAS negative.[8] Infection with fungi, nontuberculous mycobacteria (especially in AIDS patients) and several other organisms can mimic Whipple's disease histologically, but some of these organisms may be ruled out using Ziehl-Neelsen staining.[5][8]
Culture of "T. whipplei" is possible but is very difficult and is of little diagnostic use due to its slow doubling time of 18 days.[9] On average, it takes 30 days to detect "T. whipplei" in culture.[10] The bacterium was first successfully cultured in human fibroblast cell lines in 2000.[9] A synthetic medium was developed in 2003 that contained amino acids and other components that "T. whipplei" is unable to synthesize and has been successfully used to culture and establish several strains of "T. whipplei".[11]
History of the name
[edit]No name was given to the organism until 1991, when the name "Tropheryma whippelii" was proposed after sections of the bacterial genome were sequenced.[12][13] The name was changed to "Tropheryma whipplei" in 2001 (correcting the spelling of Whipple's name) when the organism was deposited in bacterial collections.[2]
The genus name Tropheryma arises from the Greek words for trophe ("nourishment") and eryma ("barrier"), referring to the bacterium's ability to cause malabsorption.[14]
Pathogenesis
[edit]Genome structure
[edit]Several strains of "T. whipplei" have been sequenced.[15][16]
"T. whipplei" is deficient in the genes for energy metabolism and amino acid synthesis, hence its host-dependent life cycle. A large chromosomal inversion and the presence of a common, highly conserved repeat is revealed in the genome of "T. whipplei", resulting in the expression of different subsets of cell surface proteins, representing a potential mechanism for evasion of the host immune responses.[17][18]
Genomes of intracellular or parasitic bacteria undergo massive reduction compared to their free-living relatives. With a genome size of less than 1 Mb, "T. whipplei" is currently the only known reduced-genome species in the Actinomycetota.[4] Other examples of reduced genome bacteria include Mycoplasma for Bacillota (the low G+C content Gram-positive), Rickettsia for Alphaproteobacteria, and Wigglesworthia and Buchnera for Gammaproteobacteria.[15]
References
[edit]- ↑ Nouioui, Imen; Carro, Lorena; García-López, Marina; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Woyke, Tanja; Kyrpides, Nikos C.; Pukall, Rüdiger; Klenk, Hans-Peter; Goodfellow, Michael; Göker, Markus (2018). "Genome-based taxonomic classification of the phylum Actinobacteria". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9 (2007): 1–119. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02007. PMC 6113628. PMID 30186281.
- 1 2 3 4 5 La Scola B, Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Altwegg M, Mallet MN, Raoult D (July 2001). "Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. nov., sp. nov., the Whipple's disease bacillus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (Pt 4): 1471–9. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471. PMID 11491348.
- ↑ Liang Z, La Scola B, Raoult D (January 2002). "Monoclonal antibodies to immunodominant epitope of Tropheryma whipplei". Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 9 (1): 156–9. doi:10.1128/CDLI.9.1.156-159.2002. PMC 119894. PMID 11777846.
- 1 2 3 4 Versalovic, James (2011). Manual of clinical microbiology (10th ed.). Washington (D.C.): ASM press. ISBN 978-1-55581-463-2.
- 1 2 3 Dolmans, Ruben A. V.; Boel, C. H. Edwin; Lacle, Miangela M.; Kusters, Johannes G. (2017-02-22). "Clinical Manifestations, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei Infections". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 30 (2): 529–555. doi:10.1128/cmr.00033-16. PMC 5355640. PMID 28298472.
- ↑ "Species "Tropheryma whipplei"". LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature.
- ↑ Whipple GH. (1907). "A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues". Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin. 18: 382–91.
- 1 2 Schneider, Thomas; Moos, Verena; Loddenkemper, Christoph; Marth, Thomas; Fenollar, Florence; Raoult, Didier (2008-03-01). "Whipple's disease: new aspects of pathogenesis and treatment". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 8 (3): 179–190. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70042-2. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 18291339.
- 1 2 Raoult, Didier; Birg, Marie L.; Scola, Bernard La; Fournier, Pierre E.; Enea, Maryse; Lepidi, Hubert; Roux, Veronique; Piette, Jean-Charles; Vandenesch, François; Vital-Durand, Denis; Marrie, Tom J. (2000-03-02). "Cultivation of the Bacillus of Whipple's Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (9): 620–625. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003023420903. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Fenollar, Florence; Birg, Marie-Laure; Gauduchon, Valérie; Raoult, Didier (2003). "Culture of Tropheryma whipplei from Human Samples: a 3-Year Experience (1999 to 2002)". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41 (8): 3816–3822. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.8.3816-3822.2003. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 179773. PMID 12904394.
- ↑ Renesto, Patricia; Crapoulet, Nicolas; Ogata, Hiroyuki; La Scola, Bernard; Vestris, Guy; Claverie, Jean-Michel; Raoult, Didier (2003). "Genome-based design of a cell-free culture medium for Tropheryma whipplei". The Lancet. 362 (9382): 447–449. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14071-8.
- ↑ Relman D, Schmidt T, MacDermott R, Falkow S (1992). "Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple's disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 327 (5): 293–301. doi:10.1056/NEJM199207303270501. PMID 1377787.
- ↑ From Greek τροφή trophê, "nourishment, food" and ἔρυμα eruma, "fence, a defence against, barrier".
- ↑ "Genus: Tropheryma". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2026-07-26.
- 1 2 Raoult D, et al. (2003). "Tropheryma whipplei Twist: a human pathogenic Actinobacteria with a reduced genome". Genome Res. 13 (8): 1800–9. doi:10.1101/gr.1474603. PMC 403771. PMID 12902375. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
- ↑ Bentley, SD.; Maiwald, M.; Murphy, LD.; Pallen, MJ.; Yeats, CA.; Dover, LG.; Norbertczak, HT.; Besra, GS.; et al. (Feb 2003). "Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei". Lancet. 361 (9358): 637–44. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4. PMID 12606174. S2CID 8743326.
- ↑ Bentley, Stephen D.; Maiwald, Matthias; Murphy, Lee D.; Pallen, Mark J.; Yeats, Corin A.; Dover, Lynn G.; Norbertczak, Halina T.; Besra, Gurdyal S.; Quail, Michael A.; Harris, David E.; Herbay, Axel von; Goble, Arlette; Rutter, Simon; Squares, Robert; Squares, Stephen (2003-02-22). "Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple's disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei". The Lancet. 361 (9358): 637–644. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 12606174.
- ↑ Raoult, Didier; Ogata, Hiroyuki; Audic, Stéphane; Robert, Catherine; Suhre, Karsten; Drancourt, Michel; Claverie, Jean-Michel (2003). "Tropheryma whipplei Twist: A Human Pathogenic Actinobacteria With a Reduced Genome". Genome Research. 13 (8): 1800–1809. doi:10.1101/gr.1474603. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 403771. PMID 12902375.