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Third Way in the United States

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Since the mid-20th century, the United States has had various politicians, including presidents, affiliated with the Third Way.

History

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Before Clinton

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(from left to right, top to bottom) Truman, Eisenhower, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter and Bush are considered to be part of the Third Way, before Clinton's Presidency.

First appearance during Harry S. Truman

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While Harry S. Truman never used the term "Third Way", the third way proponent Will Marshall argues that Truman embraced a kind of Third Way.[1]

Eisenhower's philosophy

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The Third Way movement in the United States started with Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953. Eisenhower himself was for a philosophy which he called "Middle Way", rejecting both the right-wing and left-wing. Eisenhower was a supporter of free enterprises and limited government but also New Deal policies, which put him at odds with most people in the Republican Party except for the Rockefeller Republican faction.[2][3]

1963–1974

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Richard Allen Posner described both Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon as advocates of third way politics, arguing that their economics were identical to those of Bill Clinton and Barack Obama. Johnson's Great Society was seen as similar to the "Activist Government" of John Quincy Adams, but unlike Johnson, Adams is not seen as a third way proponent.[4] Richard Nixon was like Eisenhower for New Deal policies.[5]

Gerald Ford and compassionate conservatism

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During his presidency, Gerald Ford didn't see himself as a compassionate conservative. However, in 2001, he claimed he was the first compassionate conservative.[6][7]

Third Way and Jimmy Carter

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Jimmy Carter described himself in a press conference as "middle-of-the-road". This was before he became president, when he was Governor of Georgia.[8] For his time as president only Jack Knott and Aaron Wildavsky described Carter as a "third way" president, however they didn't explained why he was one, which could be explained that the term "third way" after Tony Blair and other didn't was used then for former leaders like later for Johnson and Nixon, this would mean that Carter wasn't a third way advocater in the sense of Tony Blair.[clarification needed][9] In terms of economics, Carter mixed left (keynesianism) and right (fiscal conservatism and neoliberalism) economics.[10]

George H. W. Bush's views and policies

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The former president George H. W. Bush's moderate brand of conservatism which is compassionate conservatism[11] is described as similar to Clintonism. Both support a market economy but still advocate for state interventionism in the economy; in the case of Bush it was the government involvement in the education sector.[12][13][14] Additionally, compassionate conservatism mixes both right and left economics and because of this is considered as the Republican brand of the Third Way.[15] Bush also rejected supply-side economics; for example, Reaganomics was described by him as Voodoo economics,[16] but he also advocated for some neoliberal economic policies.[17][18][19]

During Clinton

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Anthony Giddens and President Clinton, two Third Way proponents
Tony Blair and Bill Clinton in Belfast

Ideology of Bill Clinton

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Bill Clinton espoused the ideas of the Third Way during his 1992 presidential campaign.[20] When he took office he further supported the Third Way, as can be seen in his ideological views and domestic policies.[21][22][23] In terms of economy, Clinton supported neoliberal economic policies like free trade[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] combined with "welfare state liberalism,"[32] economic nationalism,[33] keynesianism,[34] state interventionism and neo-keynesianism.[35] This variant of neoliberalism embraced by third way politicians is called "centre-left neoliberalism"[36] or progressive neoliberalism.[37] Third way politicians reject traditional neoliberalism like that of Reagan, Thatcher, and Friedman.[38] Clinton also advocated for some counter-supply-side economic policies, while Paul Krugman had the opinion that it was good, Alan Reynolds on the other hand claims that Clinton supported supply-side economics.[39][40] Alan Blinder, an economic adviser to Clinton, called supply-side economics an "ill-fated" and perhaps "silly" school in the pages of a 2006 textbook.[41] The Cato Institute criticized Clinton, but consider him more economically conservative than George W. Bush.[42] Clinton's economic views and policies are called Clintonomics, while his overall ideology is called Clintonism. In terms of culture, Clintonism embraces cultural liberalism.[43][44][45] The Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), a pro-Democratic Party establishment, argues that Clintonism "stands for economic growth and opportunity; for fiscal responsibility; for work, not welfare; for preventing crime and punishing criminals; and for non-bureaucratic, empowering government" and further says that "these policies are key to the successes in the beginning of the 21st century."[46] Bill Clinton created something called triangulation which sees Third Way ideologies as neither right nor left.[47][48][49] Hillary Clinton, the wife of Bill Clinton, was in her youth member of a group of Rockefeller Republican, which included third way proponents like Eisenhower and Nixon as members.[50]

After Clinton

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(from left to right, top to bottom) Bush, Obama and Biden are considered to be part of the Third Way after Clinton's Presidency.

George W. Bush views and policies

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Similar to his father, he was an advocate for compassionate conservatism,[61] but unlike his father he supported supply-side economics, even when he later supported keynesianism more.[62][63] While Bush supported free trade[64] and free-market capitalism,[65] he still saw it as necessary that the state should intervene in the economy. Bush supported a bigger welfare state; due to this Bush himself said that he supported Democratic capitalism and called it "the greatest system".[66] Unlike Reagan who used democratic capitalist economic policies like strong public sector spending due voters’ skepticism of liberal capitalism, Bush was ideological a supporter.[clarification needed][67] In practice he combined neoliberalism and keynesianism.[78] While Reagan, who was a neoliberal, also advocated for some keynesian economic policies, the difference to Bush is that Reagan was ideologically opposed to keynesianism.[93] Besides Bush's tax cuts[94] and his proposed privatization of social security, due his economic interventionism, Bush was criticized to be a socialist.[95][96] Bush's economic policies have also been compared to Nixonomics.[97] Consequently, Bush is seen as a Third Way politician.[98] Lawrence Lindsey, an advocate of compassionate conservatism at the time of Bush, wrote a staunch academic defense of Reagan's supply-side tax cut in 1990; however he is no hard-core supply-sider. In fact, his book concludes that a rate reduction pays for itself in the form of higher revenues only when the top rate is 50 percent or higher. His rationale for a tax cut is demand-side stimulus — classic Keynesian economics.[99] Greg Mankiw, former chairman of President President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers, offered similarly sharp criticism of the supply-side economic school in the early editions of his introductory economics textbook. "Tax cuts rarely pay for themselves. My reading of the academic literature leads me to believe that about one-third of the cost of a typical tax cut is recouped with faster economic growth."[100] Greg Mankiw is part of the New Keynesian economics school.[101]

Third Way during Barack Obama

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While some view Barack Obama as different from Clinton, ideologically and in practice he was close to Clinton. For example, Obama spoke positively about Clinton's welfare reforms and tax cuts, however while he had Clintonian elements he still criticized other policies of Clinton.[102][103] Similarly to Clinton, Obama embraced neo-keynesianism.[104] In March 2009, Obama said in a meeting with the New Democrat Coalition that he was a "New Democrat" and a "pro-growth Democrat", that he "supports free and fair trade", and that he was "very concerned about a return to protectionism".[105] In 2008, he was already seen as a New Democrat.[106] The New Democrats embrace the third way and, like George W. Bush, also Democratic capitalism.[107][108][109][110] Many of Obama's cabinet picks and House and Senate Democrats were New Democrats, which gave them more influence over the government.[111][112]

Third Way decline under Joe Biden

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While Joe Biden is seen as a third way proponent like Clinton and Obama,[113] Bloomberg noted that the Democrats moved away from Third way politics under his presidency.[114] Biden is considered to be a former New Democrat[115][116] because during his presidency, he broke with New Democrat policies on some issues, such as spending and free trade.[115] Similar to Johnson's Great Society, Bidenomics is seen as similar to the "Activist Government" of John Quincy Adams.[4] Biden advocated for something called "modern supply-side economics", which include workfare, regulations and government intervention.[117]

Persons

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Ideologies and economics

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Organizations

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See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 "Noemie Emery : Truman's heirs are Republicans now". History News Network. July 17, 2006. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  2. 1 2 Wagner, Steven Thomas (1999). Pursuing the "middle way": Eisenhower Republicanism, 1952—1964 (PhD thesis). Purdue University. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  3. 1 2 Wagner, Steven (2025). "Eisenhower's "Middle Way"". American Heritage. 70 (1). Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  4. 1 2 E. Leuchtenburg, William (20 June 2024). "John Quincy Adams: Advocating Activist Government". Patriot Presidents: From George Washington to John Quincy Adams. Oxford Academic. pp. 175–196.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Posner, Richard (17 July 2011). "The Federal Deficit Mess". The Becker-Posner Blog. Retrieved 22 July 2011. Obama resembles such Presidents as Nixon and Clinton in the following respect. They are what the political scientist Stephen Skowronek calls practitioners of "third way" politics (Tony Blair was another), who undermine the opposition by borrowing policies from it in an effort to seize the middle and with it to achieve political dominance. Think of Nixon's economic policies, which were a continuation of Johnson's "Great Society"; Clinton's welfare reform and support of capital punishment; and Obama's pragmatic centrism, reflected in his embrace, albeit very recent, of entitlements reform.
  6. 1 2 "Key Speeches and Writings of Gerald R. Ford". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  7. 1 2 "President Gerald Ford". JFK Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  8. 1 2 Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19543-8. LCCN 96048593. OL 22339703M.
  9. 1 2 Knott, Jack; Wildavsky, Aaron (1977). "Jimmy Carter's Theory of Governing" (PDF). The Wilson Quarterly. 1 (2): 49–64.
  10. ↑ "Nation: Moving Down a Middle Road". Time Magazine. 29 January 1978. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  11. ↑ "George Bush: Where Does He Stand?", Doug Wead, Christian Herald, June 1986.
  12. 1 2 Barron, John (December 1, 2018). "George HW Bush was an underrated president from a more civilised era of US politics". ABC News – via www.abc.net.au.
  13. 1 2 Barron, John (2 December 2018). "George HW Bush was an underrated president from a more civilised era of US politics". United States Studies Centre. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  14. 1 2 Schneider, Jack (December 3, 2018). "George H.W. Bush laid the foundation for education reform". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  15. 1 2 3 "Third Way Politics = Bad Policy". History News Network. February 13, 2004. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  16. ↑ "Reagonomics or 'voodoo economics'?". BBC News. June 5, 2004. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  17. ↑ Norton, Ben (December 10, 2018). "George H.W. Bush: War Criminal, CIA Spy, Oil Tycoon, Embodiment of US Elite". Real News Network.
  18. ↑ Simonetti, Silvio (December 3, 2018). "3 things to understand about President George H. W. Bush". Religion & Liberty Online. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  19. ↑ Johnson, Rachel (5 December 2018). "George H.W. Bush Was an Enemy of the Working Class". In These Times. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  20. ↑ Kelly, Michael (26 September 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: The Democrats; Clinton Says He's Not Leaning Left but Taking a New 'Third Way'". The New York Times. p. 7. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  21. 1 2 Harris, John F. (2005). The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House. Random House.
  22. 1 2 Blumenthal, Sidney (2003). The Clinton Wars: An Insider's Account of the White House Years. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0141006963.
  23. 1 2 "'Third Way' gets world hearing". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2003.
  24. ↑ Albo, Gregory (April 2001). "Neoliberalism from Reagan to Clinton". Monthly Review. 52 (11). Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  25. ↑ Widmaier, Wesley W., ed. (March 8, 2016). "Converting the Neoliberal Order: Toward the New Keynesianism". Economic Ideas in Political Time: The Rise and Fall of Economic Orders from the Progressive Era to the Global Financial Crisis. Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–178. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316576915.008. ISBN 978-1-316-79145-5.
  26. ↑ "The Clinton Years: The Most Neoliberal Presidency in U.S. History". UNFTR. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  27. ↑ Grover, William F.; Peschek, Joseph G. (2014). "Bill Clinton and the Neoliberal Presidency". The Unsustainable Presidency. pp. 35–70. doi:10.1057/9781137485984_3. ISBN 978-1-349-47581-0.
  28. ↑ Geismer, Lily (June 14, 2022). "Bill Clinton Did More to Sell Neoliberalism than Milton Friedman". In These Times. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  29. ↑ Lichtenstein, Nelson (2024). "Bill Clinton's Long Economic Shadow". Democracy Journal. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  30. ↑ Stein, Judith; Lichtenstein, Nelson (8 September 2023). "Bill Clinton campaigned as a progressive. Why didn't he govern like one?". Mother Jones. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  31. ↑ Lily, Geismer (June 2020). "Agents of Change: Microenterprise, Welfare Reform, the Clintons, and Liberal Forms of Neoliberalism". Journal of American History. 107 (1).
  32. ↑ Herrick, Debra (March 5, 2024). "Historian Nelson Lichtenstein: Clinton betrayed progressives, capitulated to the right". The Current. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  33. ↑ Young, Ryan (March 15, 2012). "Bill Clinton's Economic Nationalism". Competitive Enterprise Institute. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  34. ↑ Shanahan, Eileen (24 March 1993). "The Keynesian side of Clinton". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  35. ↑ Kazin, Michael (2022). What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-374-71779-7.
  36. ↑ Toye, Brent; Wamsley, Dillon (2025). "Reframing centre-left neoliberalism: New Keynesian theory, Third Way ideology, and the construction of an elite consensus in the US, Britain, and Australia". The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 27 (4): 1454–1476. doi:10.1177/13691481241309271.
  37. ↑ Fraser, Nancy (2 January 2017). "The End of Progressive Neoliberalism". Dissent Magazine. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  38. ↑ "What is the Third Way?". BBC. 27 September 1999. Archived from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  39. ↑ Krugman, Paul (2017-04-24). "Opinion | Zombies of Voodoo Economics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-04-11.
  40. ↑ Reynolds, Alan (23 January 2003). "Supply Side Economics After 30 years, Presentation at Vanderbilt University". Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  41. ↑ Blinder, A. S. (2006). "Can fiscal policy improve macro-stabilization". In Kopcke, E.; Tootell, G. M. B.; Triest, R. K. (eds.). The macroeconomics of fiscal policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 23–62. ISBN 0-262-11295-7.
  42. ↑ de Rugy, Veronique (25 July 2002). "Was Clinton More Conservative Than Bush?". Cato Institute. Retrieved 2026-04-29.
  43. ↑ Riley, Russell L. (4 October 2016). "Bill Clinton: Life in Brief". Miller Center. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  44. ↑ "The Clinton Administration's Law Enforcement Strategy: Fighting Gun Violence and Keeping Guns Away from Criminals and Our Children" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. May 1999. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  45. ↑ "Clinton Again Vetoes Abortion Ban". CQ Almanac. 1997.
  46. ↑ "Clintonism Lives". Blueprint. January 18, 2002. Archived from the original on 2002-09-06.
  47. ↑ Nesmith, Bruce F.; Quirk, Paul J. (2016). "Triangulation". 42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton. Cornell University Press. pp. 46–76.
  48. ↑ Nelson, Michael; Perry, Barbara A.; Riley, Russell L. (2016). 42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-0674-5.
  49. ↑ Donovan, Layne (February 2, 2022). "A Different Kind of Democrat: Kyrsten Sinema and Bill Clinton's Triangulation Strategy". Columbia Political Review. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  50. ↑ Milton, Joyce (1999). The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton. William Morrow and Company. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-688-15501-8.
  51. ↑ McAdams, Dan P. (2010). George W. Bush and the Redemptive Dream: A Psychological Portrait. Oxford University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-19-978092-1.
  52. ↑ "President George W. Bush on Compassionate Conservatism". Bush Center. 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  53. ↑ Weisberg, Jacob (2008). The Bush Tragedy. Random House. p. 92.
  54. ↑ Brown, Justin (January 2001). "As Clinton exits, 'third way' faces setback". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  55. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Compassionate Conservatism". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 30 April 2002. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  56. ↑ Goldsmith, Stephen (30 October 2000). "What Compassionate Conservatism Is—And is Not". Hoover Digest. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  57. 1 2 3 Teles, Steven M. (2009). "The Eternal Return of Compassionate Conservatism". National Affairs. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  58. ↑ Cameron, Mark (September 1, 2002). "Wilhelm Roepke and the Original "Third Way"". Comment. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  59. ↑ Walzer, Michael (2026). "Choosing a President 2000". Dissent. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  60. ↑ Chapman, Michael (2004-03-31). "Don't Forget Mises -- and Dump the Third Way!". Cato Institute. Retrieved 2026-05-25.
  61. ↑ [15][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]
  62. ↑ "Economic Theory and President George W. Bush". Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  63. ↑ Lotterman, Edward (September 22, 2007). "Bush can't be Keynesian supply-sider". twincities.com. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  64. ↑ McDonnell, Patrick J. (November 23, 2008). "Bush promotes free trade at Asia-Pacific summit in Peru". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
  65. ↑ Arsanjani, Mahnoush H., ed. (2010). Looking to the Future. BRILL. p. 281.
  66. ↑ Ash, Timothy Garton (5 October 2008). "El modelo en tela de juicio". El País (in Spanish).
  67. ↑ Leffler, Melvyn P. (August 2, 2017). Safeguarding Democratic Capitalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691172583.
  68. ↑ "Mr Bush and Neo-liberalism". The Neo-Liberal Revolution: Forging the Market State. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2006. pp. 173–194. doi:10.1057/9780230625235_10 (inactive 20 January 2026). ISBN 978-0-230-62523-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2026 (link)
  69. ↑ Tabb, William K. (September 2004). Mr. Bush and Neoliberalism (PDF). Neo-liberalism: A Stock Taking After Three Decades. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  70. ↑ Gerstle, Gary (2022). "Hubris". The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order. pp. 189–229. ISBN 978-0-19-751964-6.
  71. ↑ Kinsley, Michael (2 February 2001). "Bush the Keynesian". Slate. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  72. ↑ van Scherpenberg, Jens (February 2003). "Bush's 674 Billion Plan" (PDF). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  73. ↑ Mitchell, Daniel J. (February 2009). "Spending Is Not Stimulus: Bigger Government Did Not Work for Bush, and It Will Not Work" (PDF). Cato Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-12-15. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  74. 1 2 Cassidy, John (4 June 2012). "Reagan, Bush, and Obama: We Are All Still Keynesians". The New Yorker. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
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  76. ↑ Richman, Sheldon (20 April 2009). "Keynesian Cons". The American Conservative. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
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  91. ↑ Lenihan, Don (3 January 2013). "Harper and the ghost of John Maynard Keynes". iPolitics. Archived from the original on 2013-03-31. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
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  93. ↑ [79][80][81][82][83][84][85][74][86][87][88][89][90][91][92]
  94. ↑ https://www.cato.org/policy-report/january/february-2006/how-bush-bankrupted-america
  95. ↑ https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/opinion/20080924/bush-brings-socialism-to-citadel-of-capitalism
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  97. ↑ Bresiger, Gregory (22 May 2006). "George W. Bush's Nixonomics". Mises Institute. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  98. 1 2 Boaz, David (31 January 2003). "Bush's Third Way Betrays True Conservatism". Cato Institute. Retrieved 2026-04-29.
  99. ↑ Ullmann, Owen (14 June 1999). "The Man Who Will Define Compassionate Conservatism". American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  100. ↑ Mankiw, N. Gregory (June 2, 2017). "A Tax Cut Might Be Nice. But Remember the Deficit". The New York Times.
  101. ↑ "Stanley Fischer saved Israel from the Great Recession. Now Janet Yellen wants to help him save the U.S." The Washington Post. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  102. 1 2 Smith, Ben (February 28, 2008). "Obama's third way". POLITICO. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
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  104. ↑ Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray (June 16, 2011). The Fall and Rise of Keynesian Economics. Oxford University Press. pp. 59–76. ISBN 978-0-19-977769-3.
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  106. ↑ Packer, George (8 November 2008). "The New Liberalism". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
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  108. ↑ Geismer, Lily (13 December 2022). "How the Third Way Made Neoliberal Politics Seem Inevitable". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
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  111. ↑ Berman, Ari (March 4, 2005). "From & Friends". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on March 6, 2005. Retrieved January 14, 2025 – via Common Dreams. After dominating the party in the 1990s, the DLC is struggling to maintain its identity and influence in a party beset by losses and determined to oppose George W. Bush. Prominent New Democrats no longer refer to themselves as such. The New Democratic movement of pro-free market moderates, which helped catapult Bill Clinton into the White House in 1992, has splintered, transformed by a reinvigoration of grassroots energy. ... 'It's not that the DLC changed,' says Kenneth Baer, who wrote a history of the organization. 'It's that the world changed around the DLC.'
  112. ↑ Reeve, Elspeth (February 8, 2011). "Why Is the Democratic Leadership Council Shutting Down?". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 14, 2025 – via Yahoo! News. Just as President Obama is being hailed for his Clintonesque turn toward centrist policies—'Triangulation 2.0,' in the words of multiple pundits—the icon of triangulation itself, the Democratic Leadership Council, has run out of cash and is closing up shop. The DLC has fallen far from its peak in the mid-90s, Politico's Ben Smith reports, and has had trouble raising money because of a cool relationship with the Obama administration.
  113. 1 2 Hermsmeier, Lukas (5 July 2019). "Porträt: Joe Biden". Fluter (in German). Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  114. 1 2 "How Democrats Got Away From 'Third Way' Politics". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2025-07-24. Retrieved 2026-04-29.
  115. 1 2 Garofoli, Joe (April 29, 2021). "Joe Biden is no progressive, but progressives like him – so far". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  116. ↑ Nagle, Molly. "Jill Biden calls husband Joe 'a moderate'". ABC News. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  117. ↑ Glock, Judge (16 February 2023). "Biden's Bizarro Supply-Side Economics". City Journal. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  118. ↑ Heideman, Paul. "The Third Way Is the Past. Socialism Is the Future". Jacobin. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  119. ↑ Cutrone, Chris (December 2008). "Obama and Clinton: "Third Way" politics and the "Left"". The Platypus Affiliated Society. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  120. ↑ Moberg, David (April 23, 2007). "Obama's Third Way". Shelterforce. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  121. ↑ Davis, Lanny (8 December 2011). "Obama opts for the third way". The Hill. Archived from the original on 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  122. ↑ McNamara, Elizabeth (December 2, 2025). "EG's Guckian Announces Run for Governor". EG News. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  123. ↑ "Carcieri Calls on Assembly to Approve Education, Economic & Reform Initiatives" (Press release). Rhode Island Government. 15 April 2003. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  124. ↑ Baker, Peter (10 February 2023). "Mourning 'Compassionate Conservatism' Along With Its Author". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  125. ↑ "Editorial: Jack Kemp's legacy? A true 'compassionate conservative'". State Register Journal. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  126. ↑ "David Broder: Jack Kemp was a compassionate conservative". eu.cantonrep.com. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  127. ↑ Taylor, Jerry (11 May 2009). "Jack Kemp – A Dissenting View". Cato Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  128. ↑ Tucker, D.R. (2012). "Recapturing Jack". Ripon Forum. 46 (1). The Ripon Society. Archived from the original on 2019-07-19. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
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  130. ↑ "Lincoln Carter Almond Obituary". Avery-Storti Funeral Home & Crematory. January 2, 2023. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  131. ↑ "AIPAC allies picked a candidate to target in New Jersey. They may have boosted a stronger critic of Israel". KTVZ. 7 February 2026. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  132. ↑ "Matthew Bowman: President Romney, Compassionate Conservative? How Mormonism May Shape Mitt's Welfare Policies". The New Republic. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  133. ↑ Reich, Robert (27 September 2012). "Mitt Romney: a compassionate conservative?". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  134. ↑ "Bob Dole: First and the Best Compassionate Conservative". National Review. 5 December 2021. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  135. ↑ White, Jack E. (22 March 1987). "Campaign Portrait, Bob Dole: Survivor On the Track". Time. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  136. ↑ Olasky, Marvin N.; Olasky, Marvin N. (2000). Compassionate conservatism: what it is, what it does, and how it can transform America (PDF). New York, NY: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-0131-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-12-11. Retrieved 25 May 2026.
  137. ↑ "From hatchet man to dealmaker: Bob Dole's path to the Congressional Gold Medal". Politico. 17 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  138. ↑ Finn, James (December 2021). "Worshiping Bob Dole Erases LGBTQ Grief". Prism & Pen. Medium. Archived from the original on 2021-12-06. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  139. ↑ "Dole Is Saluted By Powell, Bush". The Harvard Crimson. 13 August 1996. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  140. ↑ [134][135][136][57][137][138][139]
  141. ↑ Tollerson, Ernest (5 February 1996). "Forbes's Positions Found in Early Writings". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
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