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Next Spanish general election

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Next Spanish general election
← 2023
No later than 22 August 2027
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 209 (of 267) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
 
Leader Alberto Núñez Feijóo Pedro Sánchez Santiago Abascal
Party PP PSOE Vox
Leader since 2 April 2022 18 June 2017 20 September 2014
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 137 seats, 33.1% 121 seats, 31.7% 33 seats, 12.4%
Current seats 137 121 32
Seats needed Increase 39 Increase 55 Increase 143
 
Leader TBD Gabriel Rufián Míriam Nogueras
Party Un Paso al Frente[a] ERC Junts
Leader since — 14 October 2019 12 March 2021
Leader's seat — Barcelona Barcelona
Last election 26 seats (Sumar)[b] 7 seats, 1.9% 7 seats, 1.6%
Current seats 27 7 7
Seats needed Increase 149 n/a[c] n/a[d]
Constituencies for the Congress of Deputies
Incumbent Prime Minister

Pedro Sánchez
PSOE


A general election will be held in Spain no later than 22 August 2027[6] to elect the members of the 16th Cortes Generales under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies will be up for election, as well as 209 of 267 seats in the Senate.

Following the 2023 election, Pedro Sánchez was able to get re-elected as prime minister of Spain and form a third government—comprising the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Sumar—with the support of Together for Catalonia (Junts), in exchange for a controversial amnesty law. Tensions with the opposition People's Party (PP) and far-right Vox dominated Sánchez's third term, as well as an unraveling international situation (with the ongoing war in Ukraine, the Gaza war, the tariff policy of the second Trump administration, and the 2026 Iran war and its economic impact), economic growth amid a rising cost of living (together with an affordable housing crisis), and a number of corruption probes affecting the government (mainly, the Koldo and Zapatero affairs). Also notable were the alleged mismanagements of a number of environmental disasters by PP-controlled administrations (particularly climate crisis-aggravated environmental disasters such as the 2024 Valencian floods and the 2025 and 2026 wildfires), sexual misconduct allegations affecting various parties and institutions, and increased scrutiny on the quality and condition of public services (particularly following the 2025 Iberian Peninsula blackout and the 2026 Adamuz and Gelida train accidents).

While Sánchez has admitted to having twice hesitated whether to resign—once in April 2024, amid a judicial probe into his wife; and then in July 2025, after his second-in-command in the party, Santos Cerdán, resigned over the Koldo affair—he has voiced his intention to run for a new term as prime minister in the next general election, which he has scheduled for 2027.

Background

[edit]

The 2023 general election saw Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez and his ruling coalition—formed by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Sumar—re-elected with the support of Together for Catalonia (Junts), in exchange for a controversial amnesty law for those tried and convicted for events linked to the 2017–2018 Catalan crisis and the 2019 protests.[7][8] This deal sparked widespread protests, some of them violent in the days before Sánchez's investiture, seeing clashes near the PSOE's national headquarters in Madrid and the involvement of far-right groups.[9][10]

Sánchez's third term was marked by a booming economy and falling unemployment, but also by rising living costs and an affordable housing crisis.[11][12] During this period, a constitutional reform in 2024 introduced people-first language,[13] and a bipartisan agreement ended the five-year blockade of the judiciary council.[14] Political tensions with the People's Party (PP) and far-right Vox intensified, with the government accusing both of "lawfare", disinformation and harassment campaigns.[15][16] These tensions peaked in April 2024, when Sánchez briefly considered resigning after a controversial judicial investigation into his wife, Begoña Gómez, over alleged influence peddling and embezzlement accusations brought by the far-right-linked group Manos Limpias (Spanish for "Clean Hands").[17][18][19][20] The government also dealt with the 2025 Iberian Peninsula blackout,[21][22] repeated failures in Spain's rail network (especially following the 2026 Adamuz and Gelida train accidents),[23][24][25] and the 2026 MV Hondius hantavirus outbreak.[26][27]

Close-up photo of José Luis Ábalos
Close-up photo of Santos Cerdán
The Koldo affair, involving former Transport minister José Luis Ábalos (left) and PSOE's organization secretary Santos Cerdán (right), became the focus of a corruption probe from 2024 onwards.

On the international stage, Sánchez's government dealt with continued EU support for Ukraine in its war against Russia,[28] the tariff policy of the second Trump administration,[29] and the country's role within NATO amid a debate over the five-percent defence spending hike.[30][31][32] Its strong criticism of the Gaza genocide led Spain to recognize Palestine and worsened relations with Israel,[33][34][35] sparking pro-Palestinian protests and calls to boycott Israeli participation in international competitions, such as the 2025 Vuelta a España,[36] and Spain's RTVE joining others' bid to withdraw from the Eurovision Song Contest 2026.[37] The 2026 Iran war saw Sánchez and U.S. President Donald Trump clash over the use of joint military bases at Rota and Morón,[38][39][40] reviving the "No to war" slogan previously used during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[41][42] At the same time, the Spanish government sought to address the war's economic impact by approving a €5-billion relief package.[43]

Several political scandals affected the PSOE government during this period, including the Koldo affair (a kickback-for-contract scheme linked to former transport minister José Luis Ábalos and party official Santos Cerdán),[44][45] the Zapatero affair (involving the lobbying activity of the former prime minister),[46][47] and judicial probes into Sánchez's brother (for alleged cronyism)[48][49] and the Spanish Attorney General, Álvaro García Ortiz (for an alleged data leak).[50] Other probes into alleged irregularities in public procurement affected the SEPI holding company and ADIF (Spain's railway infrastructure manager), leading to arrests and police raids.[51][52] The PP was also hit by scandals, including several affecting the Madrilenian president, Isabel Díaz Ayuso (an investigation into her partner for alleged tax fraud, forgery and organized crime;[53] the controversial purchase of a luxury penthouse using public funds,[54] and unjustified travel expenses);[55][56] renewed attention on corruption cases during Rajoy's premiership such as the Montoro and Kitchen affairs (alleged cash-for-favours, influence peddling and deep state networks);[57][58] as well as a resume padding controversy.[59][60] Sexual misconduct allegations between 2024 and 2026 shook various parties and institutions and led to multiple resignations and dismissals, with the political backlash often compared to the MeToo movement.[61][62]

Satellite image of flooding in the Land of Valencia showing the Poyo avenue and the Turia river
The botched handling of the deadly 2024 floods led to the resignation of Valencian president Carlos Mazón in November 2025.

Relations between the PP and Vox remained ambivalent, as the two parties competed electorally while still depending on each other to govern.[63] The alleged mismanagement by PP-controlled administrations—including climate crisis-aggravated environmental disasters,[64][65] such as the 2024 Valencian floods (seeing Carlos Mazón's resignation as regional president)[66][67] and major wildfires in August 2025 and July 2026;[68][69] as well as public outrage over an Andalusian Health Service's mishandling of breast cancer screening[70]—was seen as contributing to Vox’s rise in opinion polls, helped by growing anti-political sentiment, denialism, conspiracist ideation and fake news.[71][72][73] These issues and immigration (with high points in the 2024 unaccompanied migrant minors' distribution dispute,[74] the 2025 Torre-Pacheco unrest,[75] the government's 2026 immigration amnesty,[76][77] and the 2026 Ceuta migrant crisis)[78] further pushed the PP closer to Vox's agenda,[79][80] with PP's Alberto Núñez Feijóo embracing Santiago Abascal's nativist "national priority" in exchange of support for regional pacts.[81][82][83] Concurrently, Vox purged several high-profile figures as it tried to broaden its appeal among working-class voters.[84][85]

Changes in the political landscape of Catalonia—with Salvador Illa's Socialists' Party taking over the regional government in 2024 and the rise of the far-right Catalan Alliance—saw Junts withdrawing its support from the Spanish government in October 2025,[86][87] but it remained uncommitted to support a no-confidence motion to oust Sánchez that would require the agreement of both PP and Vox.[88][89][90] Throughout late 2025 and early 2026, the PP tried to capitalize on discontent with Sánchez's government by calling early regional elections in Extremadura and Aragon (together with regularly-scheduled ones in Castile and León and Andalusia),[91][92] but this strategy backfired as the regional PP branches ended up relying even more on Vox to remain in power,[93][94] while seeing a rise for regionally-based left-wing parties (such as Chunta Aragonesista and Adelante Andalucía).[95][96] The political space to the PSOE's left fragmented amid Podemos's split from Sumar in December 2023,[97][98] and Yolanda Díaz's announcement in February 2026 to not run for re-election,[99] with attempts to reorganize it into a broad front of left-wing parties ahead of the general election still ongoing.[100][101]

Overview

[edit]

Under the 1978 Constitution, the Spanish Cortes Generales are conceived as an imperfect bicameral system.[102][103] The Congress of Deputies holds greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to grant or withdraw confidence from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority.[104] Nonetheless, the Senate retains a limited number of specific functions—such as ratifying international treaties, authorizing cooperation agreements between autonomous communities, enforcing direct rule, regulating interterritorial compensation funds, and taking part in constitutional amendments and in the appointment of members to the Constitutional Court and the General Council of the Judiciary—which are not subject to override by Congress.[105]

Date

[edit]

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expires four years from the date of their previous election, unless they are dissolved earlier.[106] The election decree shall be issued no later than 25 days before the scheduled expiration date of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place 54 days after the decree's publication.[107] The previous election was held on 23 July 2023, which means that the chambers' terms will expire on 23 July 2027. The election decree must be published in the BOE no later than 29 June 2027, setting the latest possible date for election day on 22 August 2027.[6][108]

The prime minister has the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence is in process, no state of emergency is in force and that dissolution does not occur before one year after a previous one.[109] Additionally, both chambers are to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process fails to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[110] Barring this exception, there is no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate.[111] Still, as of 2026, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez repeatedly voiced his will for the next general election to be held when due in 2027,[112][113] particularly following corruption allegations in June 2025 that led to the resignation of his party's organization secretary, Santos Cerdán.[114][115] However, his government's political strategy, uncertainty over the General State Budget, as well as Sánchez having previously promised to exhaust legislative terms before ultimately calling snap elections—in 2019 and 2023—led to speculation that an early election could not be ruled out.[116][117] Uncertainty over Junts's support to Sánchez was commented as a possible trigger of a snap election,[118][119] while the outbreak of war in Iran fueled comments of a "Super Sunday" in June 2026, together with the regularly scheduled Andalusian election,[120][121] but this was rejected by then first deputy prime minister and PSOE's candidate in Andalusia, María Jesús Montero.[122] Following the Andalusian election, speculation emerged that the election would be held concurrently with the local and regional elections in May 2027,[123] but this was promptly rejected by Sánchez in June 2026,[124] who then hinted at the possibility of a general election in February or March 2027.[125]

Electoral system

[edit]

Voting for each chamber of the Cortes Generales is based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age with full political rights, provided that they have not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence.[126][127] The Congress of Deputies has a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with electoral provisions fixing its size at 350. Of these, 348 are elected in 50 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the provinces of Spain—each of which is assigned an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 distributed in proportion to population—using the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional voting, with a three percent-threshold of valid votes (including blank ballots) in each constituency. The remaining two seats are allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts elected by plurality voting.[128] The use of this electoral method may result in a higher effective threshold depending on district magnitude and vote distribution.[129] As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency would be entitled the following seats (as of 11 December 2025):[e]

Seats Constituencies
38 Madrid(+1)
32 Barcelona
16 Valencia
12 Alicante, Seville
11 Málaga
10 Murcia
8 A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Cádiz(–1), Las Palmas
7 Asturias, Granada, Pontevedra, Zaragoza, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
6 Almería, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5 Badajoz, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2 Soria

209 Senate seats are elected using open-list partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing four seats can choose up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, up to two; and in single-member districts, one. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces is allocated four seats, while in insular provinces—such as the Balearic and Canary Islands—the districts are the islands themselves, with the larger ones (Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller ones (Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma) one each.[f] Ceuta and Melilla elect two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities may appoint at least one senator each and are entitled to one additional seat per million inhabitants.[133][134] The law does not provide for by-elections to fill vacant seats; instead, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term are filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.[135]

Current parliament

[edit]

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the present time.[136][137]

Candidates

[edit]

Nomination rules

[edit]

Spanish citizens with the right to vote may run for election, provided that they have not been criminally imprisoned by a final sentence or convicted—whether final or not—of offences that involve loss of eligibility or disqualification from public office (such as rebellion, terrorism or other crimes against the state). Additional causes of ineligibility apply to the following officials:[144]

Other ineligibility provisions also apply to a number of territorial officials in these categories within their areas of jurisdiction, as well as to employees of foreign states and members of regional governments.[144]

Incompatibility rules include those of ineligibility, and also bar running in multiple constituencies or lists, holding office if the candidacy is later declared illegal (by a final ruling), and combining legislative roles (deputy, senator, and regional lawmaker) with each other or with:[145]

Parties and lists

[edit]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance are required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list. Concurrently, parties, federations or alliances that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[146] Amendments in 2024 required a balanced composition of men and women in the electoral lists through the use of a zipper system.[147]

A special, simplified process is provided for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and alliances without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.[148]

Below is a list of the main parties and alliances which will likely contest the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances		 Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Congress Senate
Vote % Seats Vote % Seats
PP
List
 Alberto Núñez Feijóo Conservatism
Christian democracy		 33.1% 137 34.5% 120 No [149]
PSOE Pedro Sánchez Social democracy 31.7% 121 32.2% 72 Yes [150]
[151]
Vox
List
 Santiago Abascal Right-wing populism
Ultranationalism
National conservatism		 12.4% 33 10.6% 0 No [152]
Un Paso
al Frente[a]
List
 TBD Progressivism
Green politics
Democratic socialism
12.3%
[b]		 31
11.1%
[b]		 0 Yes [99]
[153]
[154]
Podemos–AV
List
 Irene Montero Left-wing populism
Democratic socialism		 No [155]
[156]
ERC Gabriel Rufián Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy		 1.9% 7 Contested
in alliance[l]		 No
Junts Míriam Nogueras Catalan independence
Populism		 1.6% 7 1.8% 1 No
EH Bildu
List
 Mertxe Aizpurua Basque independence
Abertzale left
Socialism		 1.4% 6 Contested
in alliance[l]		 No
EAJ/PNV
List
 Maribel Vaquero Basque nationalism
Christian democracy		 1.1% 5 1.3% 4 No [157]
BNG Néstor Rego Galician nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism		 0.6% 1 0.8% 0 No
CCa
List
 Cristina Valido Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism		 0.5% 1 0.3% 0 No
UPN Alberto Catalán Regionalism
Conservatism
Christian democracy		 0.2% 1 0.3% 1 No
ERC–
EH Bildu		 Mirella Cortès Left-wing nationalism Did not contest 4.2% 7 No
EFS Juanjo Ferrer Progressivism Did not contest 0.0% 1 No
ASG Fabián Chinea Insularism
Social democracy		 Did not contest 0.0% 1 No
AHI Javier Armas Insularism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism		 Did not contest 0.0% 1 No

The reorganization of the political space to the left of the PSOE—which split in December 2023 following Podemos's breakup[155]—was commented as a key element in securing any prospective re-election of Sánchez's government.[158] The component parties of the Sumar alliance looked for a recomposition of the platform under a new brand,[159][160] with second deputy prime minister and labour minister, Yolanda Díaz, stepping aside as the leading candidate for the next general election.[99] Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)'s spokesperson in Congress, Gabriel Rufián, proposed a broad front of left-wing parties (either directly or through coordination) that also included peripheral nationalists such as ERC, EH Bildu and the Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG).[161] The PSOE and Sumar were also commented as probing a prospective electoral alliance or cooperation agreement in over 30 of the smaller constituencies—mostly comprising those electing between three and five seats—where the latter's votes would not translate into seats but in which the former could compete for an additional seat with the PP or Vox.[162]

The 2024 European Parliament election in Spain saw the electoral breakthrough of social media personality Luis "Alvise" Pérez who, running on a right-wing populist platform with his Se Acabó La Fiesta party (Spanish for "The Party is Over", SALF), secured 4.6% of the share.[163] Alvise announced in July 2024 that he was considering to run in the next general election,[164] but his public standing was damaged by an internal party crisis—which saw the defection of SALF's two other MEPs, amid accusations of bullying and blackmail[165][166]—and several legal cases against him, including allegations of illegal financing, data leakage and harassment, which are the subject of ongoing investigations by the Supreme Court.[167][168][169] On 12 October 2025, Alvise formally launched his candidacy to the next general election at the Palacio Vistalegre arena.[170][171] By 2026, SALF was reportedly recruiting a number of former Vox members into their candidacies in several regions.[172]

Opinion polls

[edit]
Local regression trend line of poll results from 23 July 2023 to the present day, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Notes

[edit]
  1. 1 2 While the proposed alliance does not yet have an official name, the slogan of its launching event, Un Paso al Frente, has been used by various media to unofficially and provisionally refer to it.[1][2][3][4]
  2. 1 2 3 Within the Sumar alliance in the 2023 election: SMR (10 seats), IU (5 seats), CatComú (5 seats), Podemos (5 seats), MM/MP (2 seats), Compromís (2 seats), CHA (1 seat) and Més (1 seat).[5]
  3. ↑ ERC does not field candidates outside of Catalonia (48 seats) and therefore cannot obtain a majority in parliament.
  4. ↑ Junts does not field candidates outside of Catalonia (48 seats) and therefore cannot obtain a majority in parliament.
  5. ↑ This seat allocation has been manually calculated by applying the electoral rules set out in the law, on the basis of the latest official population figures provided by the Spanish government as of 2026. As such, it should be deemed as a provisional, non-binding estimation. The definitive allocation will be determined by the election decree at the time of the parliament's dissolution.[130]
  6. ↑ A constitutional reform was enacted on 20 May 2026 to award Formentera an independent senator separate from Ibiza.[131][132]
  7. 1 2 Part of the Compromís alliance.
  8. ↑ Javier Ortega Smith, former Vox legislator.[139][140]
  9. 1 2 The PSOE/PSC "lent" senators to other parties to allow them to maintain parliamentary groups.[142]
  10. ↑ José Ignacio Landaluce, former PP legislator.[143]
  11. ↑ These comprise the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Council.
  12. 1 2 ERC and EH Bildu joined the Left for Independence alliance ahead of the 2023 Senate election.
  13. 1 2 3 In Ibiza and Formentera.

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Moreno Mena, Miguel (21 February 2026). "Nace 'Un paso al frente', la alianza para "ganar a la extrema derecha", en un evento marcado por las ausencias de Yolanda Díaz, Rufián o Podemos". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  2. ↑ "Llega "Un paso al frente", el nuevo intento de coalición de izquierdas". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). 21 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  3. ↑ "El acto de presentación de la alianza de izquierdas, en imágenes". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. 21 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  4. ↑ Alarcón, Marta (21 February 2026). "Llega 'Un paso al frente', la nueva alianza de izquierdas para ganar a la extrema derecha". Antena 3 (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  5. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Generales 23 de julio de 2023". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  6. 1 2 Pérez Galindo, Mario (20 February 2026). "La Constitución no permite retrasar las próximas elecciones generales más allá de 2027" (in Spanish). RTVE. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  7. ↑ "Spanish elections: Uncertainty hangs over future government". Euronews. Agence France-Presse. 24 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  8. ↑ Jones, Sam (16 November 2023). "Sánchez prepares for fraught second term as PM after Catalan amnesty". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  9. ↑ Jones, Sam (8 November 2023). "Dozens injured in protests at Spanish socialist party's Madrid headquarters". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  10. ↑ Jones, Sam (12 November 2023). "Fresh protests held across Spain over amnesty deal for Catalan separatists". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  11. ↑ Hedgecoe, Guy (10 February 2025). "How Spain's economy became the envy of Europe". Segovia: BBC News. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
  12. ↑ Pons, Corina; Aguado, Jesús (21 February 2025). "Spain's booming economy brings cold comfort for some". Madrid: Reuters. Retrieved 21 July 2025.
  13. ↑ "Spain changes constitution language on disabilities". Euronews. Associated Press. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  14. ↑ "Spain's main parties agree to renew judges' governing body after five-year deadlock". Madrid: Reuters. 25 June 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  15. ↑ "Sánchez denuncia la "fachosfera" que intoxica la política: "La derecha está parasitada por la ultraderecha"" (in Spanish). Madrid: laSexta. EFE. 28 January 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
  16. ↑ Jones, Sam (4 November 2025). "'Judges doing politics': can Spanish PM survive corruption cases against family and allies?". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  17. ↑ Jones, Sam (25 April 2024). "Spanish PM considers resigning, blaming political 'harassment' of wife". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  18. ↑ Jones, Sam (28 April 2024). "Spain's PM Sánchez could quit after far-right attacks on wife and bid to 'politically kill' him". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  19. ↑ López-Fonseca, Óscar (20 August 2025). "El Poder Judicial investiga al juez Peinado por su polémico interrogatorio a Bolaños de abril". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
  20. ↑ López, Estrella; Pérez Medina, Alfonso (2 September 2025). "El juez Peinado y la instrucción contra Begoña Gómez: un sinfín de actuaciones polémicas que lo ponen en la diana del Gobierno" (in Spanish). Madrid: laSexta. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
  21. ↑ Twidale, Susanna; Chestney, Nina (18 June 2025). "Explainer: What caused the Iberian power outage and what happens next?". London: Reuters. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
  22. ↑ Hedgecoe, Guy (20 March 2026). "'Multiple factors' caused 2025 Spain and Portugal blackout, says report". Madrid: BBC News. Retrieved 6 August 2026.
  23. ↑ Fernández Magariño, Javier (11 May 2025). "El tren pierde brillo entre incidencias y en plena explosión de la demanda". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  24. ↑ "One person killed in Barcelona train crash, days after deadly train collision in Adamuz". Euronews. Associated Press. 21 January 2026. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  25. ↑ Burgen, Stephen (21 January 2026). "Spain's rail network under scrutiny after second deadly crash in three days". The Guardian. Barcelona. Retrieved 14 February 2026.
  26. ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos (6 May 2026). "Hantavirus case triggers political friction in Spain as Canary Islands resist WHO‑mandated port call". El País. Madrid. Retrieved 6 August 2026.
  27. ↑ Salido, Rafael; Iraola Iribarren, Marta (12 May 2026). "Hantavirus outbreak latest: Spain confirms one new case amongst evacuees". Euronews. Retrieved 6 August 2026.
  28. ↑ Vicente Gómez, Manuel (23 October 2025). "Spain to buy US weapons for Ukraine, says it is 'a reliable partner'". El País. Brussels. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  29. ↑ Hernández-Morales, Aitor (3 April 2026). "Spain unveils €14B aid plan to counteract Trump tariffs". Politico. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  30. ↑ Elordi Cué, Carlos; Ayuso, Silvia; Vidal Liy, Macarena (25 June 2025). "'Spain is a problem': Trump lashes out over NATO contributions". El País. The Hague. Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  31. ↑ Quiviger, Waya (29 July 2025). "NATO has deep divisions – but why is Spain its most openly critical member?". The Conversation. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  32. ↑ Hernández-Morales, Aitor (5 March 2026). "Spain rejects Rutte's claim of 'widespread' backing for Iran war by NATO allies". Politico. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  33. ↑ Landale, James (28 May 2024). "Spain, Norway and Ireland recognise Palestinian state". BBC News. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
  34. ↑ Sánchez, Escarlata; Muñoz Morillo, María (8 September 2025). "Spain increases humanitarian aid for Gaza and imposes arms embargo on Israel". Euronews. Retrieved 24 September 2025.
  35. ↑ Hernández-Morales, Aitor (11 March 2026). "Spain downgrades its diplomatic ties with Israel". Politico (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 March 2026.
  36. ↑ Mosquera, Pau; Hallam, Jonny; Tawfeeq, Mohammed (14 September 2025). "Final stage of Spain's Vuelta cycling race suspended following pro-Palestinian protests". Madrid: CNN. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  37. ↑ Oltermann, Philip; O’Carroll, Lisa (4 December 2025). "Four countries to boycott Eurovision 2026 as Israel cleared to compete". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2026.
  38. ↑ de la Baume, Maïa; Tadeo, María (28 February 2026). "Spain slams US and Israeli strikes on Iran, reflecting shift in foreign policy". Euronews. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  39. ↑ Jones, Sam (2 March 2026). "Spain denies US permission to use jointly operated bases to attack Iran". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  40. ↑ Jones, Sam; Chrisafis, Angelique; Cole, Deborah; Tondo, Lorenzo (6 March 2026). "A lone battle: Why is Pedro Sánchez the only European leader to take on Trump?". The Guardian. Madrid / Paris / Berlin / Palermo. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
  41. ↑ Hedgecoe, Guy; Kirby, Paul (4 March 2026). "Spain's Pedro Sánchez hits back at Trump threat to sever trade saying 'no to war'". Madrid: BBC News. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  42. ↑ Munárriz, Ángel (5 March 2026). "'No to war': 23 years later, Spain's PM revives the left's historic slogan against the Iraq invasion". El País. Retrieved 18 March 2026.
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  69. ↑ Sánchez, Dolores (11 July 2026). "Tensión política por el incendio de Los Gallardos: PP y PSOE se cruzan acusaciones por el ES-Alert, los recortes y los aviones". Demócrata (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 July 2026.
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  73. ↑ Carmona, José (21 October 2025). "Moreno y Mañueco se acercan a las elecciones en medio de crisis que erosionan el relato del PP como buen gestor". Público (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 22 October 2025.
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  75. ↑ Faulkner, Conor (4 September 2025). "Spain's Vox mirrors UK far right with protests against migrant centres". The Local. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
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  78. ↑ Butler, Katherine (5 August 2026). "Why Spain's EU allies turned on Pedro Sanchez over Ceuta: the hard right now sets their agenda on migration". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2026.
  79. ↑ García de Blas, Elsa; Elordi Cué, Carlos (5 October 2025). "Vox desorienta al PP e inquieta al Gobierno". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  80. ↑ Sáenz de Ugarte, Íñigo (30 June 2026). "Feijóo, Trump y las ventajas de denunciar un fraude electoral que no existe". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  81. ↑ Jones, Sam (23 April 2026). "Spanish conservatives revive regional pacts with far-right Vox party". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 2 August 2026.
  82. ↑ Fernández-Pontes, Inés (27 April 2026). "'National priority' clause stirs the Spanish right". Euractiv. Retrieved 26 July 2026.
  83. ↑ Jones, Sam (3 July 2026). "Spain's conservatives and far-right Vox increase ties with Andalucía coalition". The Guardian. Madrid. Retrieved 26 July 2026.
  84. ↑ Burgen, Stephen (9 August 2023). "Infighting at top of Spain's far-right Vox party as spokesperson quits". The Guardian. Barcelona. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  85. ↑ Mendoza, Carlos (21 February 2026). "The last founder standing has been pushed out" (in Spanish). The Spain Report. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  86. ↑ Hernández-Morales, Aitor (27 October 2025). "Catalan separatists break with Spanish Socialists, hobbling PM Sánchez". Politico. Retrieved 15 December 2025.
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  88. ↑ Rubio, Cristina (29 November 2025). "Junts responde a Feijóo sobre una moción de censura: "No debe pedir ayuda a los empresarios catalanes, debe pedir perdón"". El Mundo (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 15 December 2025.
  89. ↑ Bohigues, Asbel (10 December 2025). "Why the rise of a new far-right party in Catalonia spells danger for the Spanish government". The Conversation. Retrieved 15 December 2025.
  90. ↑ Fernández-Pontes, Inés (7 June 2026). "Feijóo's bid to topple Sánchez runs out of votes". Madrid: Euractiv. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  91. ↑ Esteban, Paloma (29 September 2025). "Varias comunidades del PP sopesan adelantar elecciones en 2026". ABC (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  92. ↑ Gutiérrez, Lucía (3 October 2025). "El PP no descarta ningún escenario: del «superdomingo» a las elecciones en cascada". Demócrata (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 October 2025.
  93. ↑ Navarro, Cristina; Carreira, Ángel (9 February 2026). "Vox, el gran beneficiado de los adelantos electorales: "No os vamos a defraudar"" (in Spanish). Antena 3. Retrieved 15 February 2026.
  94. ↑ Orriols, Núria (10 February 2026). "Alberto Núñez Feijóo's failed strategy". Ara. Madrid. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  95. ↑ Canales, Candela (8 February 2026). "CHA da la campanada: Jorge Pueyo logra seis escaños y consigue el segundo mejor resultado de la formación". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  96. ↑ Hedgecoe, Guy (18 May 2026). "Spain's conservatives lose majority in Andalusia, making far-right deal likely". Politico. Madrid. Retrieved 1 July 2026.
  97. ↑ Chouza, Paula; Abad, José Manuel (5 December 2023). "Claves de la ruptura de Podemos con Sumar". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  98. ↑ Verstrynge, Lilith (27 November 2025). "Inside the rise and fall of Podemos: 'We believed we had a stake in the future'". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  99. 1 2 3 Ortiz, Alberto (25 February 2026). "Yolanda Díaz renuncia a ser la candidata de la izquierda confederal: "Estoy muy orgullosa de lo hecho, pero queda mucho por hacer"". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 February 2026.
  100. ↑ Díez, Anabel (4 August 2025). "Las izquierdas reanudan la operación del "frente amplio"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  101. ↑ Gimeno, Joan; Coello, Josué (3 July 2026). "Izquierda Unida apuesta por la integración de Podemos en un frente amplio de cara a las próximas elecciones" (in Spanish). Madrid: Cadena SER. Retrieved 4 August 2026.
  102. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 66.
  103. ↑ "Constitución española. Título III. De las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 66" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 11 October 2025, summarizing Constitution (1978), art. 66.
  104. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 90 & 99.
  105. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 74, 94, 122, 145, 155, 158–159 & 166–167.
  106. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 68–69.
  107. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 42 & 167.
  108. ↑ "Un año justo para que Sánchez convoque elecciones si decide agotar la legislatura: esta es la fecha en que podrían celebrarse". 20 minutos (in Spanish). EFE. 28 June 2026. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
  109. ↑ Constitution (1978), arts. 115–116.
  110. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 99.
  111. ↑ "Constitución española. Título V. De las relaciones entre el Gobierno y las Cortes Generales. Sinopsis artículo 115" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 31 October 2025, summarizing Constitution (1978), art. 115.
  112. ↑ Garea, Fernando (26 September 2025). "El empeño de "limpiar su honor" y evitar el caos en el PSOE llevan a Sánchez a anunciar que será candidato a la reelección". El Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  113. ↑ Hernández, Marisol (21 September 2024). "La debilidad de Sumar limita a Sánchez para lanzarse a unas nuevas elecciones generales". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  114. ↑ "Pedro Sánchez descarta adelantar las elecciones: "Esto no va de mí ni del PSOE"" (in Spanish). Madrid: Onda Cero. 12 June 2025. Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  115. ↑ Lamet, Juanma (19 July 2025). "El Gobierno diseña un "reseteo" en verano para agotar la legislatura entre dudas: "Podemos durar dos meses o dos años"". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  116. ↑ Garea, Fernando (5 October 2025). "Sánchez y el Gobierno impulsan una estrategia de elecciones anticipadas aunque insisten en la idea de ir a las urnas en 2027". El Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  117. ↑ Gil, Iván (5 October 2025). "Sánchez adopta un modo precampaña ante los vaivenes del calendario judicial". El Periódico de Aragón (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 October 2025.
  118. ↑ Robles, Gemma (24 October 2025). "El PNV no descarta adelanto electoral de Sánchez mientras Junts amaga y Vox aprieta en León, Aragón y Extremadura". El Periódico Extremadura (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 26 October 2025.
  119. ↑ Palomera, Esther (25 October 2025). "Sánchez trata de mantener el rumbo mientras los partidos se miran de reojo hasta conocer el alcance del último regate de Junts". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 October 2025.
  120. ↑ Lucio, Lourdes (6 March 2026). "El 'no a la guerra' reactiva al PSOE andaluz, que desea elecciones conjuntas con las generales". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  121. ↑ Obregón, Carmen (9 March 2026). "Trump regala a Sánchez la fórmula Page: pero la incógnita de un 'superdomingo' está en Cataluña". Demócrata (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  122. ↑ "Montero descarta que coincidan generales y andaluzas: "Sánchez agotará la legislatura con elecciones en julio de 2027"" (in Spanish). Palos de la Frontera: Europa Press. 6 March 2026. Retrieved 19 May 2026.
  123. ↑ Garea, Fernando (19 May 2026). "Sánchez se inclina por un 'superdomingo' en mayo pero alcaldes del PSOE le piden que se la juegue él antes que ellos". El Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2026.
  124. ↑ Gil, Iván (19 June 2026). "Sánchez confirma su hoja de ruta sin 'superdomingo' electoral: "Presupuestos en 2026 y elecciones en 2027"". El Periódico (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 June 2026.
  125. ↑ Garea, Fernando (21 June 2026). "Sánchez acortará la legislatura 6 meses: habrá elecciones en febrero o marzo sin que el juicio a Begoña altere sus planes". El Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 June 2026.
  126. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 2–3.
  127. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  128. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 68; LOREG (1985), arts. 162–164.
  129. ↑ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  130. ↑ Real Decreto 1117/2025, de 3 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2025 (Royal Decree 1117/2025). Official State Gazette (in Spanish). 3 December 2025. Retrieved 12 December 2025.
  131. ↑ "The Congress gives the green light to the constitutional reform that grants Formentera its own senator". Demócrata. Agencias. 26 March 2026. Retrieved 26 March 2026.
  132. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 69.
  133. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 69; LOREG (1985), arts. 162 & 165–166.
  134. ↑ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1083.
  135. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 46, 48, 164, 166 & 170–171.
  136. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  137. ↑ Lozano, Carles. "Composición del Senado 1977-2026". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  138. ↑ "Grupos parlamentarios" (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
  139. ↑ Hernández Matellano, Paloma (18 February 2026). "Vox expulsa a Ortega Smith, fundador del partido, por "desacato" al no dejar la portavocía en Madrid". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  140. ↑ González, Miguel (17 July 2026). "Ortega Smith se despide de Abascal con reproches y pasa al Grupo Mixto del Congreso". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
  141. ↑ "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977" (in Spanish). Senate of Spain. Retrieved 16 April 2026.
  142. ↑ Garrido, Hugo (19 October 2023). "El PSOE «presta» dos nuevos senadores y los otros 15 ya cedidos regresan al Grupo Socialista". Demócrata (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 April 2026.
  143. ↑ "El alcalde de Algeciras deja el grupo del PP en el Senado tras la denuncia de acoso sexual y malversación" (in Spanish). RTVE. EFE. 12 December 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2026.
  144. 1 2 Constitution (1978), art. 70; LOREG (1985), arts. 6 & 154.
  145. ↑ Constitution (1978), art. 67; LOREG (1985), arts. 6, 46 & 155–159.
  146. ↑ LOREG (1985), arts. 44 & 169.
  147. ↑ LOREG (1985), art. 44 bis.
  148. ↑ LOREG (1985), add. prov. 7.
  149. ↑ "Feijóo logra el 99,72% de votos favorables para ser reelegido presidente del PP" (in Spanish). RTVE. 16 June 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  150. ↑ "Pedro Sánchez reafirma su liderazgo como secretario general del PSOE con un amplio apoyo de la militancia" (in Spanish). RTVE. 30 September 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  151. ↑ "Pedro Sánchez pide más integración europea ante las amenazas de Trump y afirma que seguirá "hasta 2027" y quiere "continuar después"" (in Spanish). Demócrata. Agencias. 18 January 2026. Retrieved 18 January 2026.
  152. ↑ "Santiago Abascal, reelegido presidente de Vox hasta 2028: "No vamos a tirar la toalla, pese a quien pese"" (in Spanish). RTVE. Agencias. 27 January 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2026.
  153. ↑ Carvajal, Álvaro (8 February 2026). "La Chunta gana el duelo y pide voz en el nuevo Sumar". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 February 2026.
  154. ↑ Chouza, Paula (21 February 2026). "Las izquierdas de Sumar escenifican la unidad en su refundación para frenar a la ultraderecha". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  155. 1 2 "Los cinco diputados de Podemos abandonan el grupo parlamentario de Sumar y se unen al grupo mixto" (in Spanish). Cadena SER. 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  156. ↑ Órfão, Alberto (6 April 2025). "Ione Belarra oficializa la candidatura de Irene Montero a las generales". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 April 2025.
  157. ↑ Goyoaga, Ander (31 March 2025). "Maribel Vaquero será la portavoz del PNV en el Congreso, en sustitución de Aitor Esteban". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Bilbao. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  158. ↑ Díez, Anabel (4 August 2025). "Las izquierdas reanudan la operación del "frente amplio"". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  159. ↑ Chouza, Paula (10 February 2026). "IU, Sumar, Más Madrid y Comunes lanzarán su "alianza de las izquierdas" para las generales el 21 de febrero en un acto en Madrid". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 10 February 2026.
  160. ↑ Cabanillas, Ana (22 February 2026). "El estreno de la nueva coalición de izquierdas deja atrás Sumar y siembra dudas sobre el papel de Yolanda Díaz". El Periódico (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 February 2026.
  161. ↑ "Así es la propuesta de Rufián para la izquierda: que los partidos pacten un programa común entre ellos y decidan en qué provincias se presenta cada uno" (in Spanish). Cadena SER. 18 February 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  162. ↑ Lamelas, Marcos (27 October 2025). "Sánchez y Yolanda Díaz exploran ir juntos en más de 30 provincias sin escaños de Sumar y Podemos". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 27 October 2025.
  163. ↑ Donate Mazcuñán, Félix (9 June 2024). "El activista de extrema derecha Alvise Pérez irrumpe con tres escaños en el Parlamento Europeo con Se acabó la fiesta" (in Spanish). RTVE. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  164. ↑ "Alvise afirma que se presentará a las próximas elecciones generales: "Queremos acceder a la Moncloa"". El Confidencial (in Spanish). EFE. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  165. ↑ Castro, Irene; Sánchez, Raúl (27 April 2025). "Se acabó la fiesta: el partido de Alvise se rompe en tiempo récord con acusaciones cruzadas y amenazas de demandas". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  166. ↑ Ayuso, Silvia (6 May 2025). "Los dos eurodiputados de Se Acabó la Fiesta rompen con Alvise y se declaran independientes". El País (in Spanish). Brussels. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  167. ↑ Rincón, Reyes (7 October 2025). "El Supremo abre una causa a Alvise Pérez por revelación de secretos y acoso a dos eurodiputados de su grupo". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
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  170. ↑ Ortiz, Alberto (12 October 2025). "Alvise Pérez lanza su candidatura a las generales con cuatro causas judiciales abiertas". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 October 2025.
  171. ↑ Belver, Marta (12 October 2025). "Alvise Pérez se une al discurso antiinmigración de Vox y lanza SALF como partido con un plan de "deportación masiva"". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 12 October 2025.
  172. ↑ Negrete, Borja (10 March 2026). "Purgados de Vox plantean alianzas con Alvise ante la "inacción" de Smith y Espinosa". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 March 2026.

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