Harbor

A harbor (American English) or harbour (Commonwealth English) is a sheltered part of a body of water where ships, boats, and barges can be moored.

The term harbor is often used interchangeably with port; however, port refers specifically to the facilities for loading and unloading ships, as opposed to just a sheltered area of water. For example, Alexandria Port in Egypt is a port with two harbors.

Harbors may be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have breakwaters, sea walls, or jetties, or they can be constructed by dredging, which requires maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of an artificial harbor is Long Beach Harbor, California, United States, which was previously an array of salt marshes and tidal flats too shallow for modern merchant ships before it was first dredged in the early 20th century.^[1] In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by naturally-occurring land. Examples of natural harbors include Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong, Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia, Halifax Harbour in Nova Scotia, Canada, and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka.

Types

Artificial harbors

Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf, on the Red Sea coast, which is at least 4500 years old (ca. 2600–2550 BCE, reign of King Khufu). The largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai.^[2] The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons.

Natural

A natural harbor is a landform where a section of a body of water is protected and deep enough to allow anchorage. Many such harbors are rias. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor.

Ice-free

For harbors near the North and South poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round.

The world's southernmost harbor, located at Antarctica's Winter Quarters Bay (77° 50′ South), is sometimes ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions.^[3]

Notes

↑ "Geology 303 Ch 8 Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors". Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
↑ Hattendorf, John B. (2007), The Oxford encyclopedia of maritime history, Oxford University Press, p. 590, ISBN 978-0-19-513075-1
↑ U.S. Polar Programs Archived 11 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine National Science Foundation FY2000.

External links

Media related to Harbours at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of harbor at Wiktionary
Harbor Maintenance Finance and Funding^{[dead link]} Congressional Research Service
"Harbor" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

[Geology_campus-1] "Geology 303 Ch 8 Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors". Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.

[2] Hattendorf, John B. (2007), The Oxford encyclopedia of maritime history, Oxford University Press, p. 590, ISBN 978-0-19-513075-1

[3] U.S. Polar Programs Archived 11 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine National Science Foundation FY2000.

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v t e Ports and harbors
Types	Shore facility Home port Fuelling station Inland harbor Inland port Landing Outport Port of entry Trust port Dry port Anchorage Wharf Naval base
Rankings	World's busiest port Busiest container ports Busiest by tonnage Busiest by cruise passengers Countries by container port traffic
Locations	Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern
Port management	Maritime transport Port authority Port state control Harbour engineer Port operator Security Port operations simulator Terminal Operating System
Conventions	SOLAS MARPOL 73/78 STCW Ballast Water Management Convention
Transport portal Category Commons Wiktionary "Port" Wiktionary "Harbor" WikiProject