Far East scarlet-like fever
| Far East scarlet-like fever | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Scarlatinoid fever |
 | |
| Yersinia pseudotuberculosis colonies on MacConkey agar, negative result for lactose fermentation. | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
Far East scarlet-like fever is an infectious disease caused by the gram negative bacillus Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. In Japan it is called Izumi fever.[1]
It is specifically caused by strains that carry YPM, a superantigen that causes uncontrolled activation of some T cells, most commonly found in East Asia. Its symptoms are a combination of the gastrointestinal symptoms typical of yersiniosis and its unique immunologic disruptions.[2][3][4]
Signs and symptoms
[edit]- red skin rash usually of the face, elbows, and knees
- skin desquamation
- exanthema
- red tongue
- toxic shock syndrome
Other features include mesenteric lymphadenitis and arthritis. Kidney failure rarely occurs. Relapses occur in up to 50% of patients. Enterocolitis is common in children. Sepsis occasionally occurs; it primarily occurs in patients with preexisting comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, or hemochromatosis. Postinfective complications include reactive arthritis, erythema nodosum, iritis, and glomerulonephritis.
Cause
[edit]The cause of this disease is Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O1.[7] 95% are subtype O1b.[7]
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis has been divided into 6 genetic groups: group 1 has only been isolated from the Far East.[8]
Pathophysiology
[edit]The clinical features of this disease appear to be due—at least in part—to the production of a superantigen—YpM (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen). This is present in almost all strains from the Far East but only 20% of European isolates.[9] The antigen was discovered in 1993 and is encoded by a 456-base gene. The protein has 151 amino acids, with a signal sequence of 20 amino acids. The mitogenic antigens are scattered across the protein but two cysteine residues (residues 32 and 129) which form a disulfide bridge are critical.[citation needed]
The G+C content of this gene is 35%—lower than the genomic average (47%) suggesting that this gene has been acquired from some other organism.[9] The organism from which this gene originated has not yet been identified. This gene seems likely to have been introduced into the genome by a bacteriophage, given the nearby presence of a phage integration site, but the mechanism of entry into the genome is not currently known.[citation needed]
Diagnosis
[edit]Differential diagnosis
[edit]The main differential diagnosis is scarlet fever.[10]
History
[edit]The first outbreak of this disease was reported from the Pacific coastal areas (Primorsky Krai) of Russia in the 1950s.[11]
References
[edit]- ↑ Sato K, Ouchi K, Taki M (1983) Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in children, resembling Izumi fever and Kawasaki syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis 2: 123–126
- ↑ Iwata, T; Une, Y; Okatani, AT; Kato, Y; Nakadai, A; Lee, K; Watanabe, M; Taniguchi, T; Elhelaly, AE; Hirota, Y; Hayashidani, H (22 June 2008). "Virulence characteristics of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolated from breeding monkeys in Japan". Veterinary microbiology. 129 (3–4): 404–9. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.029. PMID 18242014.
- ↑ Abe, Jun; Kano, Hirotsugu; Nogami, Hiroko; Matsumoto, Shinichi; Baba, Kiyosi; Saito, Hirohisa; Kohsaka, Takao (2004). "Pathogenic Role of a Superantigen in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection". The Genus Yersinia. Vol. 529. pp. 459–461. doi:10.1007/0-306-48416-1_91. ISBN 0-306-48416-1.
- ↑ Fukushima H, Matsuda Y, Seki R, Tsubokura M, Takeda N, Shubin FN, Paik IK, Zheng XB (2001). "Geographical heterogeneity between Far Eastern and Western countries in prevalence of the virulence plasmid, the superantigen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen, and the high-pathogenicity island among Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains". J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (10): 3541–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.10.3541-3547.2001. PMC 88386. PMID 11574570.
- ↑ Zalmover IIu, Znamenskiĭ VA, Ignatovich VO, Vishniakov AK, Serov GD (1969) Clinical aspects of Far Eastern scarlatina-like fever. Voen Med Zh 1:47–51
- ↑ Solozhenkin VG (1978) Scarlet fever-like disease in children. Pediatriia (1):27–28
- 1 2 Timchenko, Nelly F.; Adgamov, Ruslan R.; Popov, Alexander F.; Psareva, Ekaterina K.; Sobyanin, Konstantin A.; Gintsburg, Alexander L.; Ermolaeva, Svetlana A. "Far East Scarlet-Like Fever Caused by a Few Related Genotypes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Russia - Volume 22, Number 3—March 2016 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC". Emerging Infectious Diseases. doi:10.3201/eid2203.150552. PMC 4766908.
- ↑ Fukushima H Matsuda Y, Seki R, Tsubokura M, Takeda N, Shubin FN, Paik IK, Zheng XB (2001) Geographical heterogeneity between Far Eastern and Western countries in prevalence of the virulence plasmid, the superantigen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen, and the high-pathogenicity island among Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains. J Clin Microbiol 39:3541–3547
- 1 2 Yoshino K, Ramamurthy T, Nair GB, Fukushima H, Ohtomo Y, Takeda N, Kaneko S, Takeda T (1995) Geographical heterogeneity between Far East and Europe in prevalence of the ypm gene encoding the novel superantigen among Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains. J Clin Microbiol 33(12) 3356–3358
- ↑ Antonov VS (1978) Differential diagnosis of scarlet fever-like forms of pseudotuberculosis and scarlet fever in children. Pediatriia 52(1):6–9
- ↑ Amphlett, A. (January 2016). "Far East Scarlet-Like Fever: A Review of the Epidemiology, Symptomatology, and Role of Superantigenic Toxin: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-Derived Mitogen A". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 3 (1) ofv202. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofv202. ISSN 2328-8957. PMC 4728291. PMID 26819960.