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Coalition of the Gulf War

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Coalition of the Gulf War
1990–1991
  Coalition
  Iraqi Republic
StatusDisbanded
HeadquartersRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
TypeMilitary alliance
MembershipPrimary contributors:
Other contributors:
Leaders
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
• Commander of the United States Central Command
Norman Schwarzkopf
Historical eraArab Cold War
2–4 August 1990
• Adoption of UNSC Resolution 678
29 November 1990
14 January 1991
• Beginning of Gulf War air campaign
17 January 1991
24 February 1991
• Adoption of UNSC Resolution 686
2 March 1991

On 29 November 1990, the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 authorized the assembly of a multinational military coalition to liberate Iraqi-occupied Kuwait by "all necessary means" if Iraq did not withdraw its forces by 15 January 1991. Iraq failed to do so, and the coalition began an aerial bombardment against targets in Iraq and Kuwait on 17 January 1991. At this time, the coalition consisted of 42 countries and was spearheaded by the United States. The central command was led by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom; the marine command was led by the United States; the Joint Forces East Command was led by Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Poland, and Czechoslovakia; and the Joint Forces North Command was led by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, and Turkey.

On 23 February 1991, the aerial bombardment campaign came to an end and the coalition began a ground offensive into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait and parts of Iraq. The Iraqi military was devastated in the fighting, and Kuwait was declared completely free of the occupation on 28 February 1991.

Multinational group (Qatari F1 Mirage & Alpha Jet, French F1 Mirage, U.S. F-16, and Canadian CF-18 Air Forces) of fighter jets during Operation Desert Shield

Member states

[edit]

The coalition is often described as consisting 34 members, but the number of participating countries changed considerably. Some countries contributed large combat forces to the campaign, others sent naval forces, air units, logistics, medical personnel, engineering detachments, financial assistance or granted access to military bases and airspace. There was also a difference in participation during the defensive phase and the offensive phase.[2][3][4][5]

Argentina

[edit]

Argentina contributed 500 troops, two corvettes, a destroyer, two cargo planes and three helicopters.[6] The operations of Argentinian forces were codenamed Operation Alfil.

Australia

[edit]

Australia contributed at least one HMAS Adelaide, HMAS Darwin, HMAS Sydney, and HMAS Brisbane missile frigates[7], one destroyer and one supply ship.[8] Limited numbers of Australian troops were imbedded in British and American formations, and RAAF photo interpreters were based in Saudi Arabia. Soldiers of the Royal Australian Artillery provided air defence to the Australian supply ships, as they had none of their own.[9]

Bahrain

[edit]

Bahraini troops played a limited role in the conflict, with the Bahraini Army providing troops to the Gulf Cooperation Council contingent (exclusively embedded with Saudi Arabian and Kuwaiti troops), which played a support role in the conflict. The Bahraini government also allowed their territory to be used as a logistical hub for coalition forces.[10][11]

Bangladesh

[edit]

The Bangladeshi contribution to the coalition contained about 2300 personnel.[12] Their operation was codenamed Operation Moruprantar and involved security personnel, including two field Ambulance teams. After the war, Bangladeshi forces inspected and cleared land mines lain by the Iraqi forces.[13] In 2015, there were still up to 5000 Bangladeshi troops stationed in Kuwait to aid with mine clearance.[14] The Bangladeshi commander was Zubayr Siddiqui.

Belgium

[edit]

Belgium had a limited deployment of troops and aircraft to Turkey, and several ships deployed to the gulf.[15]

Two minesweepers of the Tripartite class, the Iris and the Myostis along with the Command and Logistics ship Zinnia, deployed to the gulf, and conducted mine clearing operations. The Belgian government later decided to send an additional minesweeper, the Dianthus. When the ceasefire took place, clearing operations moved to the coast off Kuwait.[15]

Eighteen Mirage 5s of 8th Fighter Squadron and six C-130s of the 15th Air Transport Wing were deployed to Turkey as part of the NATO preventative deployment of aircraft.

Medical personnel were attached to a British Field Hospital in Cyprus, and were also deployed in Turkey alongside 75 soldiers.[16]

Canada

[edit]

Canada's contribution included 4,600 personnel, and their activities were codenamed Operation Friction. Royal Canadian Navy vessels took part in the war, the Royal Canadian Air Force conducted patrols and bombing missions, and the army deployed a field hospital. Canadian aircraft and ground forces also attacked retreating Iraqi military forces along the Highway of Death.[17][18][19]

Czechoslovakia

[edit]
Czechoslovak soldiers during Operation Desert Shield.

The Czechoslovak contribution included a specialised 200-man chemical defence unit and 150 medical personnel.[20] The lead Czechoslovak commander was Ján Való.[21] The war was notable as the first time Czechoslovak troops had taken part in an armed conflict since the Second World War, and would be the last time before the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993.[22]

Denmark

[edit]

Denmark deployed the HDMS Olfert Fischer (a Niels Juel-class Corvette) alongside 100 personnel.[20]

Egypt

[edit]
Coalition troops from Egypt, France, Oman, Syria, and Kuwait stand for review during Operation Desert Storm.

Egypt contributed around 40,000 soldiers and 400 tanks.[23] Their commander was Salah Mohammed Atia Halabi.[24][25]

France

[edit]

The French contingent consisted of around 20,000 personnel led by Lieutenant General Michel Roquejeoffre, and their activities were codenamed Opération Daguet. France also contributed 14 ships, more than 75 aircraft, and 350 tanks.[20]

Germany

[edit]

Germany sent one fighter squadron to Turkey to show solidarity with operations in Kuwait and make its presence felt on NATO's southern flank.[20][26] Restrictions on the use of NATO airbases in Germany were removed so they could be used for logistics. Germany also provided $6 billion in cash and material to aid the coalition.[27]

Greece

[edit]

Greek forces included Hellenic Air Force pilots and ground support staff and the frigate Limnos in the Red Sea. The Greek Merchant Marine Service aided the Coalition in the movement of fuel and equipment with their large fleet, and most Greek airfields were made available for US and allied use.[28][29][20]

Honduras

[edit]

Honduras sent 400 personnel to the join the coalition.[30]

Hungary

[edit]

Hungary contributed approximately 40 personnel, including a medical team.[20]

Italy

[edit]

The Italian contribution included about 1,950 personnel; their operation mostly involved aircraft, and the air operation was known as Operazione Locusta. Italy deployed eight Panavia Tornado aircraft, which conducted sorties over the 42 days of war, and a cell of RF-104G Starfighter tactical reconnaissance aircraft,[31] which operated from Turkey to monitor the coalition's flank. Six F-104s were stationed in Turkey. 4 ships were sent to the gulf.[20] The Italian commander of the operation was Mario Arpino.[32]

Japan

[edit]

Japan contributed no personnel or equipment to the coalition force as it was prohibited from doing so by its constitution. However, the Japanese government made a financial contribution of approximately $13 billion to fund Coalition operations.[33]

Kuwait

[edit]

The contribution of Kuwaiti forces in exile included around 16,000 to 20,000 personnel at the time of the Iraqi invasion on August 2, 1990, with 2,200 in the air force and 1,800 in the navy.[34] Kuwait helped finance a significant share of coalition operations costs including logistic support for deployed forces.[35][36]

Luxembourg

[edit]

Luxembourg provided financial support. After the war, Luxembourgish soldiers were deployed to deliver humanitarian aid to Kurdish civilians taking refuge in the mountains along the Turkish-Iraqi border.[37][38]

Morocco

[edit]

Morocco contributed around 1,700 to 2,000 personnel.(while some reports or tables of coalition forces mention a higher number like 13,000 (often confusing it with Moroccan personnel transferred in previous decades), the primary force sent specifically for the 1991 Gulf War coalition was 1,700–2,000 troops.)[39]

New Zealand

[edit]

New Zealand provided two Lockheed C-130 Hercules transporter aircraft and 100 personnel.[40]

The Netherlands

[edit]

The Royal Netherlands Navy sent two frigates to help maintain the UN embargo on Iraq, and three minehunters to clear mines off the coast of Kuwait. The Royal Netherlands Army provided a field hospital and medical team for the coalition, while the Royal Netherlands Air Force sent two MIM-23 Hawk squadrons and three MIM-104 Patriot squadrons – one of which was deployed in Israel to defend against Iraqi Scud missiles.[41]

Niger

[edit]

Niger deployed about 480 troops to guard shrines in Mecca and Medina.[20]

Norway

[edit]

Norway contributed 280 personnel, one naval vessel, a field hospital, and intelligence capabilities.[42]

A Royal Saudi Air Force Tornado F3 during Operation Desert Storm

Oman

[edit]

Oman contributed about 6,300 personnel.[43]

Pakistan

[edit]

The Pakistani contingent was 4,900–5,500 strong.[44] Mirza Aslam Beg, then-Pakistani Chief of the Army Staff, endorsed the campaign against Iraq. In a briefing given to president Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Beg maintained the assessment that once the ground battle with the Iraqi Army began, the Iraqi Army would comprehensively repel and defeat the US Army.[45] Beg accused Western countries of encouraging Iraq to invade Kuwait, but supported the armed forces fighting Iraq in support of Saudi Arabia.[46][47] In 1990, he held state dinner for United States Central Command commander General Norman Schwarzkopf where, alongside Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral Iftikhar Sirohey, he briefed US commanders on Pakistani preparations and military operational capabilities.[48] The war was a polarizing political issue in Pakistan.[47][49]

Beg predicted that popular opinion of US would favor Iraq, as anti-American sentiment in the Middle East was growing.[45]

Philippines

[edit]

The Philippines sent around 200 medical personnel.[50]

Poland

[edit]

The Polish contribution included approximately 320 personnel and 2 warships[20] – ORP Wodnik and ORP Piast.[51] Poland also conducted intelligence operations, such as Operation Simoom.

Portugal

[edit]

Portugal provided one logistics ship and two C-130 transport aircraft.[52][53]

Qatar

[edit]

Qatar contributed around 2,600 personnel. Qatari forces participated in the Battle of Khafji.[54][55][56]

Romania

[edit]

Romania deployed 363 medical personnel and 21 soldiers. As part of Britain's Operation Granby, a field hospital was deployed to al-Jubayl.[57][58][59]

Saudi Arabia

[edit]

An estimated 60,000 to 100,000 Saudi troops participated in operations against Iraq, led by Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya, and Sultan Al-Mutairi.[60][61][62] In addition, the country was of the major financial contributors to the costs of the operation, as well as providing logistics support to deployed forces.[35][36]

Senegal

[edit]

Senegal contributed approximately 500 troops.[20] 92 Senegalese soldiers were killed in a plane crash, along with six Saudi Arabian crewmen, in the deadliest single aviation accident among coalition forces.[63]

Singapore

[edit]

Singapore sent 30 personnel to provide medical and humanitarian services under Operation Nightingale, as well as nine military support teams.[64]

South Korea

[edit]

The South Korean contingent consisted of 777 men, primarily focused on medical and logistical support. They were present in theater from 24 January to 10 April 1991.[65]

Spain

[edit]

Spain deployed 500 ground troops (mostly engineers) with another 3,000 participating in naval operations: two corvettes and one destroyer patrolled near the strait of Bab al Mandeb.[20]

Syria

[edit]
A Syrian Arab Army colonel during Operation Desert Shield.

Syria's contributed around 14,500-20,000 troops, led by Mustafa Tlass.[66]

Sweden

[edit]

The Swedish contingent numbered about 525 and included a field hospital.[67]

Turkey

[edit]

Turkey contributed to the air campaign against Iraq.[68]

United Arab Emirates

[edit]

The UAE contributed one army battalion and a squadron of Mirage fighters. They also provided facilities to deploy over 255 aircraft, and gave the coalition access to practically all of their ports and shipyards.[69]

United Kingdom

[edit]

The UK participated in Operation Granby and the Battle of Norfolk. The total British contribution included 16 ships, 58 aircraft, and 53,462 personnel, including 1st Armoured Division, 7th Armoured Brigade, 4th Armoured Brigade.[20][70] British commanders included: Patrick Hine, commander of all British forces; Michael Graydon, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Strike Command; Peter de la Billière – Commander-in-Chief of British Forces and John Chapple, Chief of the General Staff.

United States

[edit]

The United States was the largest contributor to the coalition, with some 697,000 personnel.[71] Its forces participated in Operation Desert Shield, the Battle of Khafji, the Battle of 73 Easting, the Battle of Al Busayyah, the Battle of Phase Line Bullet, the Battle of Medina Ridge, Battle of Wadi al-Batin, and the Battle of Norfolk, among other engagements. American commanders included Colin Powell, Calvin Waller, Charles Horner, Walt Boomer, Stan Arthur, Frederick Franks, Buster Glosson. Norman Schwarzkopf led all coalition forces in the battle against Iraq.

Afghan and Kurdish militias

[edit]

According to sources, 300 members of the anti-communist militias, Afghan mujahideen, joined the coalition towards the end of the war on 11 February 1991.[20] Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups also reportedly rebelled against Saddam.[72]

Member states by equipment

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Desert Shield And Desert Storm: A Chronology And Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  2. ↑ "Operation Desert Storm Remembered By Those Who Served". www.army.mil. 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2026-07-01.
  3. ↑ "Coalition Members". Desert Shield and Desert Storm Memorial. Retrieved 2026-07-01.
  4. ↑ "Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM". history.army.mil. Archived from the original on 2026-04-10. Retrieved 2026-07-01.
  5. ↑ "Desert Storm: A Look Back". 2026.
  6. ↑ "The time Argentina participated in the (first) war against Iraq (spanish)". Univision. June 5, 2017. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023.
  7. ↑ "Australians involved in the Gulf War 1990 to 1991 - Anzac Portal". Archived from the original on 2021-01-09. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  8. ↑ Royal Australian Navy. "HMAS Darwin – Part 2". seapower.navy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2024-06-20. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  9. ↑ "Gulf War & Iraq War | Australian War Memorial". www.awm.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  10. ↑ "Bahrain – Persian Gulf War". www.country-data.com. Archived from the original on 2024-06-20. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  11. ↑ "The Gulf: Future Security and British Policy". HRH Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa Official Website. 1998-04-29. Archived from the original on 2024-07-09. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  12. ↑ Hossain, Ishtiaq (April 1997). "Bangladesh and the Gulf War: Response of a Small State". Pakistan Horizon. 50 (2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 42. JSTOR 41393571.
  13. ↑ "Bilateral Relationship between Bangladesh and the State of Kuwait". kuwait.mofa.gov.bd. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  14. ↑ Zahidur Rahman (2015-12-07). "Bangladesh helps reconstruct Kuwait". banglanews24.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  15. 1 2 "The Operation Southern Breeze". www.wielingen1991.org. Archived from the original on 2022-11-29. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  16. ↑ Tripnaux, Eric (23 June 2024). "Belgian Medals and Bars for the Persian Gulf War 1990-1991: Comments and Corrections" (PDF). Orders and Medals society of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  17. ↑ Taylor, Scott (2004). Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq. Esprit de Corps Books. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-895896-26-8. Canadian CF-18 fighters based in Qatar were only equipped with air-to-air missiles, as their role was to provide rear area combat air patrols. However, upon hearing from allied pilots that there was a massive 'turkey shoot' taking place in Kuwait, unofficial arrangements were made to equip the Canadians with U.S. bombs.
  18. ↑ "Highway of Death". 10 March 2021.
  19. ↑ "The 43-day war". 9 January 2021.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Desert Shield and Desert Storm: A Chronology and Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. 1991-03-25. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
  21. ↑ "Českoslovenští vojáci odhalili chemickou válku v Zálivu, píše se v knize". iDNES.cz. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  22. ↑ Hedges, Chris (February 20, 1991). "War in the Gulf: Czechoslovaks; Prague to Desert Sands: Soldiers With a Vision". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  23. ↑ "Egyptians at Forefront of Offensive - CSMonitor.com". www.csmonitor.com. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  24. ↑ "General Mohamed Ali Bilal, commander of Egyptian forces in the Gulf war - Egypt Independent". www.egyptindependent.com. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  25. ↑ Englehardt, Joseph (September 18, 2024). "Desert Shield and Desert Storm: A Chronology and Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis" (PDF). dtic.mil. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
  26. ↑ "The Bundeswehr as an Army on Operations". www.bundeswehr.de. 8 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2024-03-16. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  27. ↑ Tinas, Murat (April 2022). "German Foreign Policy During the First Gulf Crisis: Overcoming a Taboo on Being a Military Power on World Stage". Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Social Sciences. 9 (1): 8. Archived from the original on 2024-07-09. Retrieved 2024-07-08 – via DergiPark.
  28. ↑ Glenn E. Curtis, ed. (December 1994). Greece a country study (4th ed.). US: Federal Research Division. pp. 258 & 288 & 300. ISBN 0844408565.
  29. ↑ "HS LIMNOS (F 451)". Πολεμικό Ναυτικό – Επίσημη Ιστοσελίδα. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
  30. ↑ "Honduras denies helping Iraq during Gulf War – UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  31. ↑ "25 years since the "Locusta" operation". DIFESA. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  32. ↑ "General Mario ARPINO". Ministero dello Difesa (in Italian). 4 September 2024. Archived from the original on 2023-12-16. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  33. ↑ Kelly, Tim; Kubo, Nobuhiro (20 December 2015). "Gulf war trauma began Japan's retreat from pacifism". Reuters. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  34. ↑ "Persian Gulf War | Summary, Dates, Combatants, Casualties, Syndrome, Map, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  35. 1 2 Office, U. S. Government Accountability. "Allied Contributions in Support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm | U.S. GAO". www.gao.gov. Retrieved 2026-07-01.
  36. 1 2 Archives, L. A. Times (1991-03-01). "PAYING THE COSTS". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2026-07-01.
  37. ↑ "Luxembourg (09/06)". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2023-08-04. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  38. ↑ "OMP". Musée National d'Histoire Militaire (in German). 10 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
  39. ↑ "Countries Compared by Military > Gulf War Coalition Forces per million. International Statistics at NationMaster.com". www.nationmaster.com. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  40. ↑ "RNZAF – the Post War Years". Archived from the original on 2010-05-22. Retrieved 2010-01-26. Royal New Zealand Air Force website
  41. ↑ Ministerie van Defensie (2017-09-12). "The Dutch contribution to the Gulf war – Historical missions – Defensie.nl". english.defensie.nl. Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
  42. ↑ "The Gulf War 1990-1991 (Operation Desert Shield/ Desert Storm)". Archived from the original on 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  43. ↑ "Oman: Military – Mother Jones". www.motherjones.com. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  44. ↑ "Coalition Members — Desert Shield and Desert Storm Memorial". www.ndswm.org. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  45. 1 2 Singh, R.S.N. (2008). "Nawaz Sharif and Military". The military factor in Pakistan. New Delhi: Frankfort, Illinois. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-9815378-9-4. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  46. ↑ Hiro, Dilip (2003). Desert shield to desert storm : the second Gulf war. New York: Authors Choice Press. ISBN 0-595-26904-4.
  47. 1 2 Khadduri, Majid; Ghareeb, Edmund (2001). War in the Gulf, 1990–91: the Iraq-Kuwait conflict and its implications. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press, Ghareeb. ISBN 0-19-514979-3.
  48. ↑ H. Norman Schwarzkopf; Peter Petre (1993). It doesn't take a hero : the autobiography (Bantam paperback ed.). New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-56338-6.
  49. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (14 August 1990). "Confrontation in the Gulf – Pakistanis Agree to Join Defense of Saudi Arabia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  50. ↑ Arnold, Wayne (2003-04-09). "The Postwar Invasion of Iraq". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-07-07.
  51. ↑ "Polish Navy". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  52. ↑ "Participação portuguesa na guerra do Golfo" (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  53. ↑ "A PARTICIPAÇÃO DE PORTUGAL EM OPERAÇÕES DE PAZ. ÊXITOS, PROBLEMAS E DESAFIOS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  54. ↑ "Wednesday War Stories ~ The Battle of Khafji, 29 Jan–1 Feb 1991 – Armchair Dragoons". Archived from the original on 2025-01-31. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  55. ↑ Bukowo (2021-01-30). "The Battle of Al Khafji". Buk's Historical Ad Hockery. Retrieved 2026-07-07.
  56. ↑ Problems, Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Identifying Effective Treatments for Gulf War Veterans' Health; Rosof, Bernard M.; Hernandez, Lyla M. (2001), "Appendix A Coalition Forces and Force Strength", Gulf War Veterans: Treating Symptoms and Syndromes, National Academies Press (US), retrieved 2026-07-07
  57. ↑ Alexandrescu, Grigore; Băhnăreanu, Cristian (2007). Operații militare expediționare (PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Universității Naționale de Apărare "Carol I". p. 33. ISBN 9789736634994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  58. ↑ "Alte misiuni și operații la care au participat militari români". misiuni.mapn.ro (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  59. ↑ Watson, Bruce W. (1993). Military Lessons of the Gulf War. Greenhill Books. p. 222. ISBN 9781853671036. Archived from the original on 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
  60. ↑ "Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  61. ↑ "The Gulf War 1990-1991 (Operation Desert Shield/ Desert Storm)". Archived from the original on 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2026-08-06.
  62. ↑ "Desert shield/Desert storm" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-17.
  63. ↑ Schmitt, Eric (1991-03-22). "AFTER THE WAR; 92 Senegalese Soldiers Die In Saudi Arabia Air Crash". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
  64. ↑ "MINDEF Singapore". www.mindef.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  65. ↑ "Seoul Memorial War Museum: Korea in Operation Desert Storm" – via www.youtube.com.
  66. ↑ Raymond Hinnebusch (January 1997). "Syria's Role in the Gulf War Coalition" (PDF). www.researchgate.net.
  67. ↑ "Kuwait" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2009-05-27. Field hospital deployed as part of Operation Granby (in Swedish)
  68. ↑ Haberman, Clyde (1991-01-20). "WAR IN THE GULF: Turkey; Turkey's Role in Air Assault Sets Off Fear of Retaliation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-12-17. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  69. ↑ Ibrahim M. Al-Nakhi; Charles E. Heller (May 2, 1993). "The Guld War: U.A.E Participation in That War" (PDF). US army study project. p. 30. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
  70. ↑ "1990/1991 Gulf Conflict" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 25 March 2011 "Ministry of Defence"
  71. ↑ Hyams, K. C., K. Hanson, F. S. Wignall, J. Escamilla, and E. C. Oldfield, 3rd. "The Impact of Infectious Diseases on the Health of U.S. Troops Deployed to the Persian Gulf During Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Archived 2016-12-17 at the Wayback Machine" Reprinted with permission of Clinical Infectious Diseases. Force Health Protection & Readiness Policy & Programs, 20 June 1995. Web. 9 June 2014.
  72. ↑ McDowall 2004, p. 373.

Works cited

[edit]
  • McDowall, David (2004). A modern history of the Kurds (3rd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-416-6.
[edit]
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