Fuel sloshing is one of the critical challenges in vehicle dynamics, directly influencing 𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘣𝘪𝘭𝘪𝘵𝘺, 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘧𝘭𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴, 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘭 𝘭𝘰𝘢𝘥𝘴, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘶𝘦𝘭 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 𝘱𝘦𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘥𝘶𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢𝘨𝘨𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘦𝘶𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘴. This study presents a detailed 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝘂𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱 𝗗𝘆𝗻𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗰𝘀 (𝗖𝗙𝗗) investigation on the influence of porous media in controlling fuel sloshing behavior inside a moving fuel tank under dynamic operating conditions. This work presents a comprehensive CFD investigation of the influence of porous media on fuel sloshing behavior in a fuel-carrying tank under dynamic vehicle maneuvers, including sudden braking, turning, and twisting conditions: • Initial vehicle speed: 22 m/s The fluid flow behavior within the tank is modeled by solving the Navier–Stokes and continuity equations, ensuring accurate prediction of momentum and mass conservation throughout the computational domain. These governing equations provide detailed insights into the transient velocity and pressure distributions generated during vehicle motion. To capture the multiphase interaction between fuel and air, the 𝗩𝗼𝗹𝘂𝗺𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱 (𝗩𝗢𝗙) method is employed for precise tracking of the fluid interface and phase distribution over time. This approach enables accurate simulation of the sloshing dynamics under complex operating conditions. Furthermore, the porous medium effects are modeled using the Darcy–Forchheimer approach, where pressure losses are represented through viscous and inertial resistance components. The Darcy coefficient accounts for viscous dissipation dominant at low flow velocities, whereas the Forchheimer coefficient captures nonlinear inertial effects arising at higher velocities due to flow acceleration, eddies, and localized turbulence within the porous structure.
• Complete braking within: 3 seconds
• Turning & torsional motion range: 8°–10°
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