I almost called this article “How We Used to Break Into the Music Business and Why That Path No Longer Exists,” because that is really the subject.
Every few months, somebody tells me that no one will give them a chance. They’re right. It has very little to do with talent or work ethic. The way people used to enter this business has quietly disappeared.
I have been in the music business since 1992. I started my own company because I saw an unfilled need and decided to fill it. I knew no one in the industry. Getting hired in music back then was close to impossible because the entry path was brutal. You almost always had to intern for free, make yourself indispensable, outwork everyone in the building, and hope somebody eventually found the budget to put you on payroll.
Brutal as it was, it worked. There was a door. If you were willing to stand in front of it long enough, it opened.
When I look back across more than 30 years, I do not see one music industry that changed over time. I see several different industries, each with its own rules for newcomers. Almost every one of those entry paths is gone now.
1996: You Got In by Showing Up
In 1996, the business was booming, especially in urban music. CD sales were exploding, labels were profitable, radio still made careers, and record stores lined commercial strips across America. The five majors and their many sub-labels had growing marketing departments, while regional promotion staff worked from offices in every meaningful market.
Music videos were king, and there were jobs everywhere around them: planning them, shooting them, appearing as an extra, working behind the scenes, or promoting them. If you wanted to enter the music industry, there were dozens of doors, and most of them were unlocked. You joined a street team, worked at a record store, interned at a label, handed out flyers outside clubs, volunteered backstage, worked in college radio, or promoted shows. All of those paths had one thing in common: They made you visible to people who were already inside. You became the person everyone knew would show up, and showing up was the entire qualification.
Almost nobody got hired on the strength of a résumé. People got hired because someone trusted them, liked the way they worked, and wanted to teach them. Training was not treated as a burden or a cost center. It was understood to be part of building a company, and you learned the business from people sitting 10 feet away. You were baptized by fire.
2006: A Smaller Industry, but the Ladder Was Still Standing
By 2006, Napster had already rearranged everything. CD sales were collapsing, layoffs had begun, and departments were getting thinner every quarter. What survived, though, was the ladder. You could still come in as an assistant, move up to coordinator, then manager, then director, and eventually run a department. Companies still believed in promoting from within, which meant you could spend two or three years learning how the business actually worked before anyone expected you to run a national campaign.
Internships still turned into jobs. Regional promotion still existed. Independent labels were growing quickly and hiring people the majors had let go. Digital music was creating job titles that had not existed five years earlier. Nobody had experience in those roles, so companies had no choice but to teach. The industry was shrinking, but there was still room to learn while you worked. Many record labels even encouraged staff members to start businesses of their own.
The pay was so poor, however, that most employees needed a second job to survive. It did not help that the labels were concentrated in New York and Los Angeles, where the cost of living was high. This was especially hard on interns, almost all of whom worked for free and earned money through night and weekend jobs or lucrative side hustles. Interns had their own communication system. They knew which parties served free appetizers and drinks, saving them the expense of feeding themselves at home.
2016: Experience Became the Price of Admission
By 2016, streaming had become the business model. Revenue had stabilized, but companies had become permanently lean in the process. Everyone left standing was wearing three or four hats.
Instead of hiring someone with potential, companies hired the person who could contribute in week one. Job descriptions began asking for three years of experience for positions still labeled entry-level.
Many labels had revolving doors. Employees who stood out on superstar projects that went platinum were raided by competing labels hoping to replicate that success. Social media and blogs had become part of nearly every role. Analytics mattered. Digital advertising mattered. Content creation mattered.
The fundamental hiring question changed beneath us. Companies stopped asking whether they could teach someone and started asking whether that person could generate revenue next quarter. Those are two very different philosophies, and the second has no room for a beginner.
2026: The Apprenticeship Is Gone. Offices Are Gone.
AI has accelerated all of it. Marketing tactics change monthly, algorithms change constantly, and a single employee is now expected to write copy, edit video, build decks, analyze data, run social media accounts, understand three advertising platforms, and prompt AI well enough to justify the subscription cost.
Most companies that pass on beginners are solving a math problem, not making a judgment about young people. They do not have the time, budget, or senior staff to bring someone along slowly. The apprenticeship model that carried this business for decades has largely disappeared, and nothing has replaced it.
Universities have not kept pace, either. Plenty of graduates understand the theory of the music business, the history of the majors, the structure of a publishing deal, and the mechanics of a distribution agreement. Employers need someone who can launch a TikTok campaign, read a Meta Ads dashboard, build an email funnel, cut a Reel with a hook that stops the scroll, interpret YouTube analytics, and begin growing an audience on Monday. Relationships with podcasters or social media influencers are an added advantage. Those are not the same skill sets. The gap between them is where most graduates get stuck.
Remote work has widened that gap. When new employees work from home, they cannot learn by watching experienced colleagues or seeing how other departments operate. They must be self-starters, and they often need their own industry networks so they have somewhere to turn for help.
The Real Change Is Risk
Technology gets blamed for this shift, but the real change is in how companies calculate risk. In 1996, hiring someone with potential was an investment, and the cost of being wrong was low. In 2026, hiring someone who needs six months of training looks like a financial risk that a lean company cannot absorb.
That is a genuine loss for the industry. Young people understand culture well before executives do. They spot trends early, live on emerging platforms, and communicate in ways that cannot be reverse-engineered from a trend report. The business needs them badly. The economics simply no longer support bringing them along slowly.
I remember when this business was run by 22-year-olds, and most of its workers were under 30, except at the highest levels.
What I Saw Personally
I can track this shift through my own hiring. My standards moved right along with the industry, and I did not always notice it happening.
In 1996, I could hire someone on enthusiasm alone and teach them everything else.
I refused to use interns because I never believed people should work for free. Over the years, I hired people because they kept turning up, because artists trusted them, or because they had the one thing you cannot teach: They cared more about the outcome than the paycheck.
I hired my first employee after COVID because she had failed at being an assistant to one of my clients. My second employee answered an ad on an industry blog, and I thought he would fit the vibe in the office. He was the only applicant with digital advertising experience for a digital advertising position. Everybody else was trying to pivot and use me as a training ground.
My next employee worked in the mortgage industry, but he showed up at an event where I was speaking and gave me half a dozen doughnuts. I liked his initiative. I hired him a week later.
My most recent employee came through Indeed, where she competed against more than 400 résumés, most of them written by AI. She was one of 34 people I interviewed on Zoom, with applicants from across the United States and even one from Pakistan. I needed somebody with seven to 10 years of direct social media experience. Not one applicant had actually worked in the music business.
By 2006, I was looking for people who had already interned somewhere. I still expected to teach them, but I wanted proof that they had survived the culture of the business at least once. I no longer had the bandwidth to explain why an artist might call at 2 a.m. or why the job was not 9-to-5.
Many of the people I encountered had already been beaten down by the industry and were severely traumatized. Instead of hiring staff, I hired freelancers who preferred 1099s to W-2s. Quite a few people took the money without delivering and disappeared within weeks. Very few lasted longer than six months because they either took on too many clients or they didn’t grow with the changing times.
By 2016, I expected anyone working with me to understand social media natively, not merely to have studied it, but to live in it. By then, a campaign that ignored those platforms was already dead. And because most of the fan base was 18 to 24 years old, a younger staff was more closely aligned with what I needed.
Anyone who suggested placing our artists on blogs was already falling behind the curve and did not understand how artist marketing worked anymore. Within a few years, a publicist would not even be necessary for a new artist who didn’t have an existing movement.
By 2026, I need the person walking in to know how to create content, analyze data, use AI well, and understand fan acquisition before we ever meet. That is not arrogance on my part. It is the same pressure every other company in this business faces, and I am not exempt from it.
That progression is the story. My standards did not rise because people got worse. They rose because the cost of teaching increased every year while the margin for error narrowed. Plus, without a central office, teaching staff becomes nearly impossible.
After COVID, offices fell out of fashion. Although I held on longer than most, I closed mine in 2023. Since the late 2010s, only experienced people have needed to apply because I have hired for highly specific roles, mostly in social media. Being great at marketing is no longer enough. I prefer to outsource for specialized positions in digital marketing, social media marketing, or influencer marketing, and applicants need a verifiable track record of success spanning at least five to seven years.
So What Should Someone Do Now?
The best path into this business no longer begins with applying for jobs. That is the part that trips people up. It begins with doing the work before anyone hires or pays you, but doing it on your own, not as someone else’s unpaid intern. Manage social media for a local artist. Run advertising campaigns with your own money, even if the entire budget is $100. Spending your own $100 will teach you more about targeting than any class will.
Start a newsletter or grow a YouTube channel. Help a friend build an actual fan base, and document what worked. Release music yourself so you understand the process from the artist’s side. Learn analytics well enough to explain them to someone who hates numbers.
Build something that demonstrates your skills instead of merely listing them. A portfolio proving that you can grow an audience is worth more today than a résumé claiming that you studied how audiences grow.
A marketing degree from an impressive university, even one known for its music business program, is of limited value today unless you have also succeeded with social media in the real world.
The Door Moved
The industry did not close its doors. It moved the front door and forgot to tell anybody where it went. For decades, companies hired people and taught them the business. Today, they hire people who have already taught themselves.
That change is neither better nor worse. It’s just different. Understanding the difference is the first real step toward building a career in the music business as it exists right now. I’m not saying it’s ideal, but I am saying it’s what we have today.
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