The Impact of the War in Ukraine on Poland’s Political Landscape and the Perception of the European Union among Society and Political Elites

By Kinga Torbicka, University of Warsaw. Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine triggered a lasting “securitization” of public debate in Poland: issues of defense, national resilience, and deterrence have become the core of state policy. There has been an unprecedented increase in defense spending (over 4.7% of GDP in 2025, with projections reaching 4.81%[1] in 2026), […]