Ceno for Android v2.10.1

v2.10.1 - 2026-07-15 Fixed Crash triggered if Ouinet status is missing metrics_delete_after key/value Changed Updated build system to strip Mozilla debug logs from release builds Moved settings options related to opening links to permissions subsection of main settings page Update Android-Components to v152.0.6 Update Ouinet to v1.6.9 Update uBlock Origin to 1.72.2 Update translations for various…