Correlation Does Not Imply Causation, So What Does?

Fig 1: originally from https://xkcd.com/552/ Correlation does not imply causation is the most famous statement in the history of data analysis. It’s up there with I think, therefore I am in philosophy, E = mc2 in physics, and Hidup Jokowi in Indonesian politics. It’s easy to forget this fact and still confuse correlation with causation. Easy example: city with high number of professors also has…