Elephant(s) in the room: Graph neural networks, embeddings, and foundation models in spatial data science

Slides: https://jakubnowosad.com/agforum2025 This presentation covered three interconnected deep learning concepts appearing in spatial data science work. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a deep learning architecture that represents spatial data as graphs: nodes are spatial units (pixels, regions, locations) and edges are relationships (proximity, similarity, connectivity). Nodes aggregate…