PAM-2 vs. PAM-4: Simply Explained

Also Published in Signal Integrity Journal December 17, 2024 Figure 1 Comparison of NRZ (PAM-2) encoding versus PAM-4 encoding (A) and respective eye diagrams (B). To keep up with the bandwidth demands of the industry, non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling has been replaced by pulse amplitude modulation level-4 (PAM-4) signaling. To maintain the same naming convention, NRZ [ ]