Chimneys in Twelfth-Century, Crusader-Period Residential Architecture in the Jerusalem Area

Excavations conducted over the past several decades in the environs of Jerusalem uncovered several rural sites dating to the Crusader period, most likely settled by Frankish inhabitants. At two of these sites, remains of installations identified as chimneys were integrated into the walls of the buildings—an innovation in the rural architecture of the Land of Israel, probably introduced by Frankish…