Membrane surface engineering to enhance microplastic and nanoplastic antifouling performance in water treatment

Occurrence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in aquatic environments has become a major environmental concern due to their persistence, widespread distribution, and growing detection in water and wastewater systems. While membrane-based processes are among the most effective technologies for removing these small plastic particles from water streams, MPs/NPs pose significant challenges…