Class 9 Geography Chapter 2 Notes | Shaping of the Earth's Surface | New NCERT 2026–27 | Understanding Society: India and Beyond

Chapter 2: Shaping of the Earth's Surface Part 1: Plate Tectonics and Earth's Internal Structure Book: Understanding Society: India and Beyond (Class 9 NCERT 2026–27) Introduction The Earth on which we live is not a motionless planet . Its surface is continuously changing due to both internal (endogenic) and external (exogenic) forces. Millions of years ago, the continents were joined together as…