Beyond the NAT: CGNAT, Bandwidth, and Practical Tunneling

Home internet in the 90s felt simple. You plugged into Ethernet , got an IPv4 address, and you could expose a service directly. Today the path is layered and driven by economics. IPv4 did not end in a hard way. It became scarce and costly, see IPv4 address exhaustion . Data centers and enterprises still buy and route IPv4. Most residential users are placed behind Carrier-grade NAT (CGNAT) and many…