Understanding Oak Gall Wasps and Their Ecosystems

Gall forming wasps, together with other co-inhabiting, inquiline, or gall-sharing, wasps – plus all of the parasitoid and predatory natural enemies which prey on them – constitute highly diverse, enclosed, mini-communities, nested within much larger ecosystems, such as a tree, or a forest. When I came across these tiny black wasps on the beautiful brown […]