Summary and analysis of current topics in the physical sciences, computer science, mathematics and engineering. Includes personal anecdotes of a forty year career in science and technology.
Tikalon Blog is now in archive mode. Here's a directory of links to easily printed and saved articles. If you're willing to wait a while for the download, a zip file of all the blog articles can be found at the link below. Note, however, that these articles are copyrighted and can't be used to train artificial intelligent agents. Individuals are free to republish single articles on their personal…
Microphones convert sound into an electrical signal for subsequent amplification, as in auditorium public address systems; or transmission, as in landline and mobile phones. The most common types of microphones are carbon, used in early telephones, condenser, electret, dynamic, ribbon, crystal and MEMS. All these microphones operate as transducers that convert sound pressure into an electrical…
"Form follows function" is a maxim that an object's shape and appearance should be defined only by its purpose or function. A quick perusal of any antique shop will show that this maxim is generally ignored. Humans (Homo sapiens) have been called "naked apes," but we and our close species cousins quickly adopted the concept of wearing the fur skins of animals for protection. Our ancestors were…
Deep thought is what distinguishes humans from other animals. The brain is the medium for thought; so, there's the idea that brain size is important, with larger brains allowing more profound thought. Larger brains in hominids appears to have an evolutionary advantage, but the largest animals do not have proportionally larger brains. For the last century, conventional wisdom was that body mass in…
In today's bigger is better world, you don't order a large coffee, you order a 20 fluid ounce Venti coffee. From 1987 through 2004, McDonald's restaurants had a supersize option for larger than large portions of its French fries and soft drinks. The prefix, super, has been used to describe supercooling, the unexpected cooling without a phase change when liquids can be cooled below their freezing…
Children decide early in life to become scientists when they find that topics such as the Pythagorean theorem and the hydrological cycle are more interesting and more important than knowing which state is noted for corn. My childhood was notable for witnessing the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, and the introduction of New Math. It also encompassed the International…
My early adulthood coincided with the New Age movement and its belief in many discredited past ideas, such as astrology. One New Age idea that seemed strange at the time was that talking to plants helped them to grow. What could be more New Age than a hippie chick talking to a potted plant? However, a scientific study by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) has shown that this actually works, and…
Piebald is an unusual word that appears in the Archimedes' cattle problem, a Diophantine problem supposedly communicated by Archimedes to his friend, Eratosthenes. It's a Diophantine equation system of seven equations in eight unknowns, but it can be solved with the requirement that the variables are positive natural numbers. Diophantus (c. 210 - c. 290) was a Greek mathematician who lived in…
Ammonia is an important industrial chemical with an estimated worldwide production exceeding 150 million metric tons. About 70% of ammonia is used to make nitrate fertilizers. Unfortunately, the production of ammonia is energy and it's a major source of carbon dioxide emission. Synthesis of ammonia is by the Bosch-Haber process developed in 1909. While the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to form…
While employees are thankful for their employer's largesse in providing free coffee, any cursory cost-benefit analysis shows that they get back more than they spend. Coffee's caffeine content boosts a person's focus and attention, and it reduces mental fatigue, all of these leading to increased productivity. Coffee extraction in a typical coffeemaker is at a high temperature, about 100 C, and heat…
Tikalon is on a short holiday in celebration of US Independence Day, July 4, 2024. Our next article will be posted on Monday, July 15, 2024. View my version of the iconic image of George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River in which he encounters some unusually large water molecules.
The United States Department of Energy has updated its list of critically important materials. The current list of 54 materials includes elements that are presently critical to a transition to green energy, such as the rare earth elements important to turbine generators, and electric vehicle motors; and, lithium for storage batteries. Also included on the list is copper, an element historically so…
A manufactured baseball has a smooth surface with very little friction, and this makes it hard for a baseball pitcher to throw with great accuracy. Pitchers in the early days of baseball enhanced the friction by several ad hoc techniques that included rubbing with tobacco juice from the then ubiquitous chewing tobacco, but more often by rubbing with a mixture of spit and pitcher's mound soil. Lena…
Science is most useful when it makes predictions. Predictions are based on theory, and one problem with most theories in materials science is that they are based on data that might not exist for all of the intended class of materials. Simple rules were developed to remedy this lapse, one of which is Trouton's rule, developed by Irish physicist, Frederick Trouton, that states that the molar entropy…
There have been many studies using scientific instrumentation, mostly gas chromatography, in attempts to find what distinguishes a superb wine from an inexpensive house wine. A typical wine can contain more than 800 different aroma compounds. One study examined two Australian red wines in an attempt to synthetically recreate the aroma of these wines. It was found that only about 50 aroma compounds…