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On Humans · Jul 28, 2026

When Did Globalisation Really Beging?

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Ilari Mäkelä · On Humans

The Viking Leif Erikson catching a sight of North America around the year 1000. (WorldHistory.org)

We can decide to stay home, but even then, the wider world is always close to our skin. From global trade to ideas that travel across continents, our modern world is a global world.

How did we get here?

There is a modern story about globalisation — a story about telecommunications and aeroplanes and such — but this is the climax of a long process, not its beginning. To find the deeper roots of globalisation, we should turn our gaze to the medieval world, and specifically to events around the year 1000.

Or so argues historian Valerie Hansen.

In this episode, we discuss the various curious developments around the year 1000 that started connecting the world into an interconnected web. From Viking and Polynesian explorers to the Silk Roads across Africa, Hansen offers many fascinating windows into the surprising connections that were linking the medieval world together. We also discuss the spread of inventions and world religions, as well as the deeper forces that Hansen thinks have long been driving world history.

Enjoy!

Listen (47 min): Spotify | Apple Podcasts | YouTube | Other players

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Names: Erik the Red | Bjarni Herjólfsson | Jacques Cartier | Vladimir the Great | Mansa Musa | William Dalrymple | Kenneth Pomeranz | Andrés Moreno-Estrada | Michael Coe | Mary Miller | Ralph Austen | Richard Davis | Paul Freedman | Thor Heyerdahl

Historical places: L’Anse aux Meadows | Greenland | Newfoundland | Chichén Itzá | the Yucatán Peninsula | the Baltic Sea | the Song dynasty | the Liao dynasty | the Abbasid Caliphate | Baghdad | the Indian Ocean | the Swahili Coast | Mali | Kaifeng | Hagia Sophia

global history | macrohistory | economic history | medieval history | early global trade | long-distance trade | Silk Roads | Indian Ocean trade | trans-Saharan trade | maritime trade networks | Viking / Norse exploration | Polynesian migrations | population genetics | pre-Columbian contact | Viking–Maya contact hypothesis | Polynesian–Native American contact hypothesis | Song dynasty | Liao dynasty | Abbasid Caliphate | medieval Africa | Swahili Coast trade | medieval slavery | trans-Saharan slave trade | slavery and serfdom | slavery in China | spread of world religions | Christianisation of Europe | spread of Islam | Buddhism in Asia | diffusion of technology | history of inventions | paper, printing, gunpowder and the compass | Indian numerals and zero | Maya mathematics | history of food

…and here is the episode again! Spotify | Apple Podcasts | YouTube | Other players

Read the original on onhumans.substack.com

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