Why electrons are not spherical - but extended and rotating

Ask your Ai system: “Are electrons extended?” or “Do spinning electrons rotate?” All present Ai systems answer the questions incorrectly.

All answer that electrons are point-like and that spin is not rotation. Both answers are wrong. As long as they are wrong, there is no danger that Ai will be better than physics researchers.

The following human image is half correct and half wrong:

A nonsense image circulating on the web - no author can be found.

Here is what nature tells us.

All experiments show that electrons are extended but that they are not balls.

If electrons were balls, they would have spin 0. But all experiments show that they have spin 1/2. If electrons were balls, they would not generate the fine-structure constant. If electrons were balls, there would not be anti-electrons (positrons) in nature. Or, equivalently, if electrons were balls, they would not be chiral. Electrons are not balls.

If electrons were point-like, they would be smaller than the minimum length in nature. The minimum length arises by combining the highest speed c, the maximum force c^4/4G, and the minimum action h-bar. Combining these three statements yields the minimum length

Now about spin. Is it rotation? Yes, and experiments show this! The simplest way to see this called the Einstein-de Haas effect, as told in physics books and also in Wikipedia.

If the magnetic field around a metal bar is reversed, the metal bar starts to rotate. This is due to the conservation of angular momentum. The angular momentum is due to the spin of the electrons. Electrons can thus transfer their rotation to a metal bar!

(2) Experiments thus confirm: electrons rotate.

These two statements are clear and well-known. True, present Ai systems make wrong statements. They do not make misleading statements; they make false statements. Given that all the above is known for more than 50 years, this is quite disappointing. (But not surprising, as shown in my list of Ai physics challenges at https://www.motionmountain.net/prizes.html#Ai - Ai is really bad at physics…)

How can one imagine electrons then? This a topic of research. At present, the only model of electrons in the research literature that shows how they rotate, that reproduces their spin 1/2, and reproduces their chirality and their extension, is the strand tangle model. You can have a first impression on this web page: https://www.motionmountain.net/strandsquantum.html. The strand tangle model is also the only model explaining why different particles all have the same spin value 1/2.

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More details about the strand tangle model are found in this text: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/403963214_How_come_the_quantum_Testing_the_topological_origin_of_Planck’s_quantum_of_action

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Addition: spin 1/2 also implies that electrons are not round.