Biology-related podcasts as part of the KYTOS Enrichment Programme. New episodes every fortnight! Visit: www.kytosbiology.org.uk for full details Visit: www.youtube.com/mriexplains for Science video tutorials 'KYTOS Biology' podcasts and the 'mr i explains' YouTube channel are proudly sponsored by Curriculum Press - producers of global education resources for over 25 years. Visit https://curriculum-press.co.uk/ for details.
Harold Shipman, once seen as a pillar of trust in his community, remains one of the most notorious serial killers in modern history. Over a period spanning more than two decades, he is believed to have murdered at least 215 patients, though some estimates suggest the total may have reached 250. Shipman used his position as a general practitioner to commit these crimes, exploiting the immense trust…
In this episode, I’m joined by student Sunike, who exploreswhether dental implants are being used too readily as a first-line treatment. She examines the ethical considerations surrounding this trend, the rise of dental tourism, the hidden complications behind implants, and why preserving natural teeth should often come first. Through evidence-based research, and real patient stories, Sunike…
Ever wonder why hearing an old song or seeing a childhoodtoy can instantly pull you back into a moment that feels both distant and alive? Nostalgia isn’t just sentimentality—it’s a biological and neurological process deeply embedded in the way our brains link emotion, memory, and reward. What feels like a trip down memory lane is, in truth, a carefully orchestrated cascade of neural activity,…
Antibiotic resistance is a rapidly growing global threat, driven by misused medications and the natural evolution of bacteria. Modern technologies such as AI-guided phage therapy and AMR surveillance are opening new pathways to detect, target, and treat resistant infections more precisely. Tackling this crisis, however, requires a unified “One World” approach where countries share data, resources,…
The Titanic, long remembered for its tragic sinking, has transformed into an underwater laboratory, with unique biological and chemical processes actively degrading the wreck. Microbes, including iron-eating bacteria, play a pivotal role in the ship's slow decay, while a new ecosystem of marine life has taken root on the Titanic’s remains. As the wreck continues to disintegrate, it offers…
The Victorian circus and its infamous freakshows were a curious mix of biological wonder and human exploitation. While many of the individuals displayed suffered from rare medical conditions, their participation often came at a high personal cost. This podcast delves into the ethical and biological implications of these "freaks," questioning whether they were marvels of biology or simply victims…
Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) offers a revolutionary solution to prevent mitochondrial diseases by combining DNA from three individuals, providing hope for families previously doomed by genetic disorders. With successful trials in the UK, MRT stands at the intersection of groundbreaking science and complex ethical considerations, marking a new era in reproductive medicine. As the…
Nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima leave morethan just ruins; they cause profound and lasting biological damage that echoes through generations. This episode explores how ionising radiation affects DNA, cells, and entire ecosystems, revealing the hidden costs of these catastrophicevents. From cancer risks to ecological disruption, I uncover the complex science behind the invisible…
Veterinary care has become increasingly advanced, but withprogress has come a steep rise in cost, leaving many pet owners struggling to afford the care their animals deserve. In this episode, I'll explore the real reasons behind high vet bills: from cutting-edge technology and professional training to corporate influence and insurance shortfalls. Join me as I unpack whether veterinary care is…
Behind the bright lights and roaring crowds of contact sports lies a silent epidemic: repeated head trauma and its devastating effects on the brain. From NFL legends and MMA fighters to boxers and pro wrestlers, many athletes have suffered the irreversible consequences of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). In this episode, I explore the biology, the personal stories, and the urgent need for…
There are over 200 different types of dwarfism, with achondroplasia being the most common, affecting one in 25,000 births. Achondroplasia is caused by a spontaneous mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene that occurs in the developing embryo, resulting in a disproportionately short stature and abnormal growth in the spine and skull. In this podcast, I'm joined by one of my A-Level…
From bingeing murder documentaries to tuning in to every new crime podcast, millions are hooked on true crime...but why? In this episode, I explore the surprising biological roots of our obsession, uncovering how fear, empathy, dopamine, and evolution all play a role. It turns out our brains are wired to pay attention to danger, feel for victims, and rehearse survival - making true crime not just…
From dolphin whistles to parrot mimicry, and even AIprojects decoding whale song, science is beginning to explore what once seemed pure fantasy: the ability to truly communicate with animals. In this episode, I delve into the biology of language, the cognitive abilities of non-humanspecies, and the cutting-edge technologies bringing us closer to cross-species conversation. Could Dr. Dolittle's…
Memorising facts might get you part of the way in A-Level Biology, but true success lies in understanding how the systems connect, interact, and apply to real-world contexts. In this episode, I unpack why surface-level revision isn’t enough, especially under the AQA exam board...and how students can shift from rote learning to meaningful mastery. With insights into how biology is structured,…
From cold chills and flickering lights to full-blown apparitions, tales of ghosts have haunted human imagination for centuries. But what if there’s a biological explanation for these experiences? In this episode, I explore how brain chemistry, sleep paralysis, sensory misfires, and even mould spores might explain the science behind what many believe to be the supernatural.
While some argue that apps and 3D models can replace animal dissection in schools, hands-on anatomical exploration still offers something digital tools can’t. In this podcast, I dive into the value of dissection for learning biology - from exploring real brain and eye tissue to examining the intricacies of turtles and lampreys. I also address the ethical debate and explain why dissection, when…
What happens when a doctor makes a mistake - and who pays the price? In this podcast, I explore the professional, legal, and emotional fallout of medical errors, from GMC investigations to courtroom drama and personal trauma. It’s a revealing look at the human side of medicine, where perfection is impossible and accountability is everything.
Could we ever bring dinosaurs back from extinction - and should we even try? Inspired by the legacy of Jurassic Park , this episode dives into the science of de-extinction, ancient DNA, and the ethical questions behind resurrecting long-lost species. From bold ambitions to sobering realities, we explore how close we really are to reviving the past.
In this podcast, I'm joined by A-Level biology student Amelie, who will delve into the mysterious world of animal dreams, exploring what’s happening in the brain when dogs twitch, cats flick their whiskers, or horses gallop in their sleep. She will examine REM sleep, neural patterns, and what current science suggests about the dreamscapes of our animal companions. From evolutionary clues to…
What if building LEGO wasn’t just fun - but biologically good for your brain? In this episode, I explore how LEGO play boosts focus, reduces stress, sharpens motor skills, and supports creativity through real neurological and psychological mechanisms. Whether you're a parent, therapist, lifelong builder, or like me, only just discovering the joys of LEGO, you'll discover why clicking bricks…
The Jack the Ripper case remains one of the most studied and debated criminal mysteries in history. Biological evidence, from blood patterns and autopsy reports to modern DNA analysis, has played a crucial role in shaping the investigation and the various theories about the killer’s identity. Despite the significant advances in forensic science, the case highlights the challenges of applying these…
The O.J. Simpson case remains a landmark in the history of forensic science and criminal justice. The biological evidence, particularly the DNA analysis, was a cornerstone of the prosecution's case. However, the handling of this evidence, the cross-examination of experts, and the broader social context all played crucial roles in the trial's outcome.
Migraines are a debilitating neurological condition characterised by severe, recurring headaches, often accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Despite the availability of various pharmacological treatments, the search for effective, well-tolerated, and safe preventive measures remains a priority. Among the various non-pharmacological interventions,…
This episode explores anthropomorphism, the attribution of human characteristics to non-human entities, such as animals. Written and researched by my sixth form student Phoebe L, the discussion delves into how anthropomorphism can enhance animal welfare by fostering empathy and compassion. However, it also uncovers the hidden, potentially catastrophic dangers of this practice. We ask: Do the…
The Harry Potter series, while rooted in fantasy, offers a rich tapestry of biological concepts that enhance its magical narrative. By exploring the evolutionary adaptations of magical creatures, the botanical wonders of magical plants, and the biological foundations of spells and potions, we gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate world J.K. Rowling has created. Furthermore, the ethical…
Circadian rhythms are one of three biological rhythms that tell the body when to eat, sleep, wake up - the biological and psychological processes that oscillate in predictable patterns each day. This internal clock is influenced by external cues, like sunlight and temperature, which help determine whether one feels energised or exhausted at different times of the day.
In the realm of human appearance, few features carry as much symbolic weight as the beard. It's more than just a cluster of facial hair; it's a statement, a symbol of masculinity, wisdom, and even status in many cultures throughout history. But what lies beneath this seemingly simple facial adornment? Beyond its aesthetic appeal, the biology of beards reveals a complex interplay of genetics,…
Medical ethics is essential for maintaining the integrity of healthcare practice, promoting patient well-being, and upholding the trust and confidence of both patients and the broader community in the medical profession. In this podcast, I'll explore the key ethical principles in relation to several controversial topics; genetic testing, genetic screening and preimplantation genetic diagnosis,…
There is no doubt that some individuals are much more risk averse than others, but how do we explain individual differences in risk-taking behaviour? Perhaps the answers lie in our biological differences; these can include differences in brain structure or function, as well as those caused by the process of evolution. Understanding the biological basis of these risk-taking behaviours is crucial in…
Endometriosis is a disorder that affects a staggering 190 million women worldwide, often associated with severe pelvic pain, period cramps and even infertility. In this podcast, Sixth Form Biology student Amelie D explores the potential causes of the condition, one that is both misunderstood and all too often misdiagnosed in the medical community, and the current treatment options available.
Cosmetic dentistry has gained unprecedented popularity. Whether your teeth exhibit chips, stains, wear, breakage, gaps, or misalignment, a variety of dental procedures are available to enhance the aesthetic appeal of your teeth, providing a significant confidence boost to your smile. In this podcast, Sixth Form Biology student Yasmin J explores the options available, assessing both the benefits…
Consumption, or pulmonary tuberculosis, killed around 25% of the adult population in the 19th century. So why was this deadly disease seen as fundamentally romantic, intellectual and aesthetic? In this podcast, Year 13 biologist Felicity P will explore causes of the romanticisation of consumption, from Victorian fashion and styles, to its role as an emotional response to grief.
In this podcast, I reveal the shameful practices taking place in the greyhound racing industry, and the devastating truth as to why most rescues are classed as 'unrehomable' and so are euthanised. The story of my own rescue greyhound, Luca, is explored to provide some real life context.
The glymphatic system works as a waste-carrying drainage system which removes unwanted materials from the brain. It was identified as a system in 2013 by Danish neuroscientist Maiken Nedergaard. He used the term glymphatic because the system works in a similar way to the lymphatic system but it is managed by the glial cells of the brain. There are still many unanswered questions about the role of…
Arthritis is a family of diseases that cause pain and swelling in the joints. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are two common forms of arthritis. Worldwide, gout is currently the most common form of inflammatory arthritis. Gout happens when uric acid, a normal body waste, gets too high in the blood. Uric acid comes from the breakdown of purines, which are chemicals found in both our diet…
It wasn’t until Sperry’s split-brain research that it was possible to test the idea of hemispheric lateralisation. His studies used a unique group of participants, all of whom had undergone the same treatment for their severe epilepsy which involved cutting the corpus callosum in order to control severe epileptic seizures. While the surgery was successful in helping to control the patients’…
In this podcast, I’m joined by Poppy GT who discusses the various treatments available for those suffering with depression. Should someone opt to have psychotherapy as opposed to being prescribed antidepressants, or could a combination of both be the most effective form of treatment?
In this second podcast of the series, I describe the initial three-month journey from embryo to foetus, in a period known as the first trimester. I'll examine the significant developments that occur, not only in terms of overall length, but in the physical structures and features that begin to take shape.
Human embryonic development is the development and formation of the human embryo. It is characterised by the processes of cell division and cellular differentiation of the embryo that occurs during the early stages of development. In biological terms, the development of the body entails growth from a single-celled zygote to an adult human being. This is the first in a series of podcasts examining…
Any person, at any stage of their life, can experience an eating disorder. Of people with eating disorders in the UK, around 10% have Anorexia nervosa compared to 40% with Bulimia nervosa; binge eating disorder along with several other conditions make up the remaining 50%. Anorexia is a serious mental health condition which significantly impacts a person's life - physically, emotionally and…
Head lice, or Pediculosis capitis , is a common condition caused by infestation of the scalp with head lice. While some people can have lice infestations with no symptoms, for most, the tell-tale sign is itching. Itching can affect the scalp, neck, and ears, and is caused by an allergic reaction to the louse saliva, which is injected under the skin as the louse feeds. Detecting lice is simple -…
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is recognised to be an autoimmune disease that causes preclinical systemic abnormalities and eventually leads to synovial inflammation and destruction of the joint architecture. Our understanding of this chronic inflammatory disease has evolved considerably during the past decade. Introduction of novel therapeutic strategies has had a major impact not only on how we treat…
Vasectomy is a safe, effective, and permanent method of birth control for men. It is also the most cost-effective form of birth control, costing half as much as a tubal ligation (having a woman's "tubes tied"). A successful vasectomy will last for life, but if circumstances change, the procedure can be reversed. In this podcast, I'll discuss how the initial procedure is carried out and exactly how…
Acne is a common skin condition where the pores of your skin become blocked by hair, sebum (an oily substance), bacteria and dead skin cells. Those blockages produce blackheads, whiteheads, nodules and other types of pimples. Acne is the most common skin condition that people experience; it's estimated that 80% of people between the ages of 11 to 30 will have at least a mild form of acne at some…
Microbial genes have been found to perform a variety of functions including coding for enzymes to hydrolyse food we can't digest, coding for proteins that form essential nutrients, making vitamins we can’t produce and even helping to release energy from our diet. In addition to playing a vital role in metabolism, our microbiome stimulates the immune system and regulates the mood. Some species…
2020 proved to us all that health is unpredictable. The pandemic, not only catalysed a global crisis as services were strained and lives were lost, but also forever altered the way we practice medicine. We saw a 50% drop in A&E visits, whilst more importantly a great proportion of appointments were moved online. This shows the great adaptability and resilience of our healthcare system, which will…
Autism is lifelong developmental disorder with no known cures. A significant amount of research has been conducted into the causes of autism and research is increasing into the treatment of autism. Given that research has indicated there appears to be functional and structural differences in the brains of individuals with autism as well as the fact the main symptoms of autism are displayed…
Culling is defined as the killing of animals in order to reduce population numbers. Culls can happen for various reasons, including health and disease control and prevention, or to protect other species. However, the ethics make the subject a strongly polarising one, and while culling in some cases may be necessary, it can be unclear when culling should take place, as there can be unforeseen…
There's no doubt that Gregor Mendel is one of the great biologists of our time. His findings on inheritance led to multiple new fields of research, most notably genetics, in which breakthroughs have revolutionised biology and medicine. His work helped to create the modern understanding of how evolution and selection works, and his mathematical methods of analysis inspired a new approach to…
Sometimes, scientists can take advantage of real-world incidents to help us understand the function of particular parts of the brain. Psychologists can carry out case studies on people who have experienced bran injuries. They are not interested so much in the actual injury, but what that injury can tell us about the normal functions of the brain. (With thanks to our sponsor 'Curriculum Press' for…
