Wittgenstein was wrong about lions. Not only could we understand their language, we could understand everything they talked about. This follows straightforwardly from the basis of public language. (524 words)
Redefining a concept from old to new can only work by reference to a third ‘superclass’ abstraction that both old and new are subtypes of. Otherwise, if you lack that static reference, yet keep the same name for a concept, redefining is incoherent and amounts to crude misrepresentation. (4302 words)
Examining this shows three basic general truths about ethics. 1, freedom cancels out; 2, justification is incremental; 3, the main partition is the known and the unknown. (835 words)
WWW's consensus mechanism shows cryptoledgers' lack: they have neither a consensus gradient nor any consensus calculus. They offer only the constraints of machinised inequality concentration and harvesting. (754 words)