Skill-biased technical change is dead. @karpathy shows what its successor looks like: measurability-biased technical change. The fault line is no longer how educated you are. It’s whether your output can be measured. If it can, it will be industrialized. No exceptions.
What’s exposed isn’t “strategy” or “research.” It’s the measurable execution bundled inside those roles — the drafts, the models, the analyses. The economy built a wage premium around that bundle. AI unbundles it.
What survives is the non-measurable core: defining intent, navigating genuine uncertainty, verifying agentic work, and absorbing liability. The question for every knowledge worker is simple: strip away the execution layer, and what’s left? That’s your moat. Or your problem.
We mapped the economics. Playbook included. Because what’s coming is not the end of human relevance. It’s a forced migration—from doing to steering, from executing to verifying, from producing answers to underwriting their consequences. arxiv.org
Originally published as a thread on X.
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