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C-19 Archives: 2020-2026. An archive of scientific studies, articles, resources, and public commentary regarding SARS-CoV-2 – the virus at the heart of COVID-19.

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📖 SARS-CoV-2 spike-driven reactivation of latent herpesviruses as a mechanistic link to post-viral diseases

‘One plausible mechanism is the reactivation of latent human herpesviruses such as HHV-6, HHV-7, and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which have increasingly been linked to long COVID [PASC] and ME/CFS-like phenotypes. These viruses persist lifelong in immune and neural cell populations and can reactivate under conditions of cytokine surges, oxidative stress, immune exhaustion, and mitochondrial…

On Hazard Group (HG) levels, the HSE, the UKHSA, COSHH, Notifiable Organisms, Notifiable Diseases, and SARS-CoV-2 in the UK

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has designated SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, a Hazard Group 3 (HG3) pathogen that can cause severe human disease. The United Kingdom’s Health Security Agency (UKHSA) classifies SARS-CoV-2 as a notifiable organism, and COVID-19 as a notifiable disease (2026). ✾ [ HG ] Hazard Groups 2, 3 & 4 ➲ Hazard Group 2 ( HG2 ) ~ Hazard Group 2 biological…

📖 Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol and surface samples in high acuity hospital settings during community epidemic waves – implications for risk-based infection control

‘Breathing, speaking, coughing, and sneezing produce infectious aerosols in clinical environments. Coughing produces more aerosols than endotracheal intubation.’ ✾ ‘Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol and surface samples in high acuity hospital settings during community epidemic waves – implications for risk-based infection control’. © 2026 C. Raina MacIntyre, Noor Bari et al / Respiratory Medicine…

A Raven’s Overview

‘In people with pre-existing dementia, SARS-CoV-2 infection is repeatedly associated with faster cognitive decline. For families, that can mean the difference between years at home and a rapid fall over months.’ ✾ ❦ On fatal silence By Zdeněk Vrožina MBA (25 Jan 2026) ❦ ‘1. COVID-19 infection during pregnancy is not a neutral event. Inflammation, viral proteins, and especially COVID-specific…

✾ On SARS-CoV-2 infections (COVID-19), brain damage, neurological damage, and dementia

‘Although COVID-19 was originally considered a respiratory illness, it is now well established that SARS-CoV-2 infection can have far-reaching impacts on the nervous system. Common neurological symptoms in Long COVID [PASC] include new-onset cognitive difficulties, dysautonomia, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy.’ from ‘Neuroimmune pathophysiology of long COVID’ by Moen et al / Psychiatry and…

📖 Neurological and neurodevelopmental effects of Covid and MIS-C on children

‘The pediatric population, once thought to be relatively spared from severe outcomes, has presented with significant neurological manifestations that raise concerns about the short- and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the developing nervous system.’ ✾ 📖 (11 Nov 2025 ~ Nature Pediatric Research) Neurological and neurodevelopmental effects of Covid and MIS-C on children ➤ © 2025 Byrne et al /…

Knock-knock... It’s mild!

“How mild can a disease be?” A copycat tale of mildness, taste, tobacco, Public Health, and SARS-2. ✾ Learn Real Mildness ... it’s easy ‘Just make your next pack Chesterfields, that’s all, and as quick as you can light up, you’ll learn the meaning of real mildness...’ Chesterfield – THEY SATISFY Mildness is a Pleasure with Pall Mall ‘Don’t miss the fun of smoking... For flavor and enjoyment you…

A WHO’s Who of VOCs, VOIs and VUMs: Alphabet Stew and Numeric Ragout for Dummies

“We’re going to need a bigger Greek alphabet.” ✾ ‘Omicron’ variants during the ‘Omicron Era’ (late 2021–): BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, BA.2.12.1, BA.2.75, BQ.1, XBB, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, CH.1.1, XBB.1.9, XBB.2.3, EG.5.1, XBB.1.5.70, HK.3, BA.2.86, JN.1, JN.1.11.1, KP.3, XDV.1, KP.3.1.1, XEC, KP.2.3, LF.7, MV.1, LP.8.1, NB.1.8.1, and ‘Omicron’ XFG as of September 2025. © 2025 NextStrain.org ~ GISAID.org…

📖 Guidance for Healthcare Employers and Workers on the use of Fluid Resistant Surgical Masks (FRSM) and respirators (FFP3 etc) to comply with the requirements of COSHH (2002) (England) (Updated 2025)

‘FRSMs [Surgical Masks] have never been considered either adequate or suitable equipment for protection against inhalable or respirable risks under COSHH.’ ✾ ‘Healthcare workers and employers will rightly focus on the safe and effective provision of patient care for patients. This is the central concern of the Health and Social Care Act, which creates the architecture for IPC [ Infection…

📖 Long COVID associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among children and adolescents in the Omicron era (RECOVER-EHR): a retrospective cohort study

‘Children and adolescents face a significantly higher risk of various PASC outcomes after reinfection with SARS-CoV-2. Our paediatric findings also align with adult studies. Research in adults shows that long COVID [PASC] symptoms often worsen with repeated infections, suggesting potential shared mechanisms across age groups.’ ✾ ‘Long COVID associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among children and…