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It's not very hard to get individual texts in digital form. But working with grad students in the humanities looking for large sets of texts to do analysis across, I find that larger corpora are so hodgepodge as to be almost completely unusable. For humanists and ordinary people to work with large textual collections, they need to be distributed in ways that are actually *accessible, not just open…
It's not very hard to get individual texts in digital form. But working
with grad students in the humanities looking for large sets of texts to
do analysis across, I find that larger corpora are so hodgepodge as to
be almost completely unusable. For humanists and ordinary people to work
with large textual collections, they need to be distributed in ways that
are actually *accessible, not just open access.*
That means:
- Downloading
- Reasonable file sizes (rarely more than a gigabyte).
- Reasonable numbers of files (don't make people download more than a
dozen for some analysis tasks.
This isn't happening right now. The hurdles to working with digital
texts are overwhelming to almost anyone. I don't usually write up a
simple process story about what it's like to get collections of texts,
but I want to do do so a few times here.
What follows here is--I should be clear--a sort of infomercial. Over the
last year or so I've started formalizing a much better way to distribute
texts than any cultural heritage currently uses.
I'll share texts using it. I want to start looking at some collections I
encounter to make clear just how high are the barriers to working with
text the way we're distributing it now.
Part one: *newspapers.* Newspapers should be, in theory, a pretty easy
type of text to distribute. In an ideal world, a newspaper is divided up
into _articles_. But most of the open-access newspaper collections I've
seen instead chope papers up into _pages_. That's the case for the first
archive I'm going to look at in this series: newspapers from the
Austrian National Library hosted on Europeana.
I can't completely remember the details of why I'm looking at this
collection, but in short: a graduate student in my [Working with
data](https://benschmidt.org/WWD22) class was interested in doing text
analysis for their class project on newspapers from there. We decided
that the _Neue Freie Presse_ would be an especially useful paper, and
identified digitized versions both [on
Europeana](http://www.europeana.eu/en/item/9200300/BibliographicResource_3000051857621)
and at [ANNO, hosted by the Österreichische
Nationalbibliothek](https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=nfp).
(If you visit the Wikipedia page for the NFP, it takes you to a [dead
Columbia
link](https://mt.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/schenker/profile/title/neue_freie_presse.html))
ANNO has a nice online interface including well-formatted links like
"https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/annoshow?text=nfp|18970610|20"
for full-text: this seems like a possible route for getting data,
although the decades of data will take an extremely long time to
download in R. Looking for other copies, I first check the [Atlas of
Digitized Newspapers](https://www.digitisednewspapers.net/) from the
Oceanic Exchanges project, because I know that they have decent
information about accessibility. (Despite the name, they are not an
atlas in any normal sense, but instead of bibliography, registry, or
catalog.) It suggests that access will be to XML files through
Europeana, and does not list any access through ANNO above what I've
been able to find.
But it also links to a [bulk
download](https://pro.europeana.eu/page/iiif#download) site at
Europeana. Looking at the Europeana sites during a Zoom call we discover
that there are a number of full-text downloads identified by opaque
numbers: `9200300` is the first one.
Here's where we hit the first snag. What are these numbers? Looking at
the site for one of the NFP pages in the Europeana browser, we see that
it, too, starts with `9200300`. Perhaps this is just what we want? But
the file is unthinkably large--116 GB, zipped, for the page-level full
text. This is too large for the grad student to download, but I click on
it to see what will happen. It spins, and spins, long past the end of
office hours. The student has to wait.
A week passes. While looking for a completely different file on my
computer, I encounter a 63GB zip file in my downloads. I dimly remember
downloading this earlier, and think about opening it. To just unzip a
63GB file would be crazy--this is another place that most researchers
will be stimied. I know that one can access a zipfile randomly, though,
and fire it up in Python to read.
This is a second place that most researchers would be lost--63 GB is
just *too big*. There should never be a single file that large unless
it's completely necessary; in this case, that's clearly not so. The idea
that you can extract single files is simply not obvious, so many people
will try to extract. I don't know exactly how big that 63GB file will
be, but probably large enough to clobber most hard drives.
I've named the zipfile 'NFP.zip' now, because I'm hoping it has the Neue
Freie Press. Now I can read the list of filenames.
{.python}
```
import zipfile
import html
f = zipfile.ZipFile("NFP.zip")
fnames = f.filelist
```
It turns out to have 1.6 million little files bundled in there, with
names like `9200300/BibliographicResource_3000116292697/3.xml`. Hmm.
Well, the end is clearly the page number, and perhaps the bibliographic
resource is the individual issue?
I read in a single document--the one-millionth--to see.
{.xml}
```
```
So--it's XML of the scans including exactly the position in pixels of
each work. I consider parsing the textlines out and deconstruction the
JSON, but XML parsing is a pain and always tediously, tediously slow.
And I don't care about any of this stuff--I'm doing text mining, so I
just want the words. A quick check back at the Europeana site confirms
that I have the _smallest_ file on offer.
So let's do the quick and dirty approach. The letters I want follow the
word "CONTENT" in the XML; so I'll just write a quick-and-dirty approach
that splits on that string, and grabs everything up to the second
quotation mark. This is how people use XML, I tell myself; no one is
enough of a sucker to use python's XML parsing libraries, so let's just
munge it out. `split` is so much faster....
{.python}
```
import pyarrow as pa
from pyarrow import parquet
while True:
pages = []
ids = []
for j in range(5000):
print(i, end = "\r")
r = f.open(fnames[i])
words = []
for word in r.read().decode("utf-8").split('CONTENT="')[1:]:
words.append(word.split('"', 1)[0])
page = html.unescape(" ".join(words))
pages.append(page)
ids.append(fnames[i].filename.replace(".xml", ""))
i += 1
out = pa.table({"ids": ids, "pages": pages})
parquet.write_table(out, f"{i}.parquet", compression = "zstd", compression_level = 5)
print(f"{i}/{len(fnames)}")
```
This is code that pulls out of XML into something better: a parquet
file, written by pyarrow, for each group of 5,000 pages. I check one to
be sure--looks like German. There will surely be mistakes--perhaps
involving quotation marks in words. But with low-quality OCR, it's
enough to start.
> Arzt der k. k. prio. THÄßbahn, anö den frischen Blätter» des Enca»
> lyptiis Globnlus. eines ans Anstratten stammende» BaiimcS, i» dem
> ««oratorwin des Apothekers \^»»\>i Sdl»»»»»» Wien. JÄche», -
> Haupistraze Nr. 16, einzig und allein zukereiteie rmd stets «orrStbig
{#rewriting-with-compression}
## Rewriting with compression.
I wrote them into a folder with level 5 compression in zstd. The new
directory, with parquet files and ids, is a tenth the size: 6.4GB vs
63GB for the zipfile I downloaded. Why on earth have I downloaded
massive XML files when I just want text? Who really wants this
positional text, anyway? I've used it a few times over the years--but
most people want *text*, not XML. Zipfiles at least are nice, because I
can grab the specific files I want. But they're also _slow_ in their own
right. I start parsing at 22:21, and leave my computer open--looking at
the timestamps, I don't finish the last file until more than two hours
later, at 00:31.
This is bonkers. Mediocre zip compression and uselessly XML-encoded data
mean that it takes two hours just to look at the data in the most
cursory way. It's important to distribute things in a complete format,
but it's also important not to waste resources making things too hard to
parse. With the parquet formatted versions of the data, it takes *not
two hours but 55 seconds* to parse through every file in this set.
That's a _major_ improvement--100 times faster to read, and one-tenth
the size. Both of those are big enough differences that they actually
affect whether this data is usable or not.
```
matches = []
from pyarrow import compute as pc
for p in Path("parquet_files").glob("*.parquet"):
a = parquet.read_table(p)
which = pc.match_substring(a['pages'], "Gustav Mahler")
matches.append(a.filter(which))
```
So--now we've got a huge set of text in a fairly navigable form. But we
don't know _what_ the records are. The identifiers are all things like
`9200300/BibliographicResource_3000123565676/4`; aside from the page
number, it's not clear what any of those mean. My working theory to this
point was that `9200300` meant the Neue Freie Presse and
`BibliographicResource_3000123565676` means the individual issue; but I
need to know for sure.
{#sorting-is-information}
## Sorting is information
At this point, I start putting the identifiers into the web site and
figuring out the layout of the metadata here. It turns out that this is
not just one newspaper, but lots--probably everything contributed from
the OSB to Europeana. And, stunningly, the order seems to be completely
random? I call the web based Europeana API and get a dcTitle field in
this order:
```
["Der Humorist - 1847-01-29"]
["Blätter für Musik, Theater und Kunst - 1871-09-19"]
["Wiener Zeitung - 1841-10-18"]
["Der Humorist - 1841-03-10"]
["Neue Freie Presse - 1871-10-22"]
["Innsbrucker Nachrichten - 1859-11-25"]
["Die Presse - 1867-06-25"]
["Das Vaterland - 1862-09-26"]
["Wiener Zeitung - 1705-02-28"]
["Wiener Zeitung - 1868-12-04"]
```
There a couple things weird here. One is the random order. I suppose
that this could be my fault, because I just used the filenames from the
zipfile in the order they appeared, rather than sorting. But that itself
is a problem--the zipfile should have more of an inherent order. It is
an underappreciated fact that *good sorting is good compression*; the
more natural an order information appears in, the better it will
compress. And of course, the fewer files people will have to download.
The other is that "title" is wrapped in an array: apparently in the EDM
things can have multiple titles. OK, that's something I can work with.
So now I have a clear plan.
1. Get metadata for every record.
2. Match it to the papers.
3. Write out each newspaper in chronological order.
To get the metadata, I have to find it--there is _no_ metadata in the
data dumps. First I do it using the API.
`https://api.europeana.eu/record/v2/{id}.json?wskey={api_key}'` But it
quickly becomes clear this won't scale: Running overnight I've only
download 35,000 of 1.3 million records. So I go back to the Europeana
page and download another enormous zipfile--a 4 gigabyte one with
records for the entire set. How this manages to be so large isn't
initially clear to me--perhaps, I think, they've bundled the full text
into it?
The answer turns out to be that there is massive amounts of text for
each record because, chiefly, every records repeats an extremely long
definition of 'newspaper' in many different languages. That this
balloons the size so much is a failure of an over-literal use of linked
data. Perhaps there would be a way to reference it as an element in a
single HTML file, but really, _no one cares._ This part of the data
model will *never be used outside a Europeana site*--there is some
base-covering in distributing it, but it's a massive inconvenience for
researchers to have the following block of text (and something vaguely
equivalent in Latvian, Arabic, Russian, etc.) \*\*repeated 1.6 million
times in a file that's supposed to be a metadata dump about newspaper
issues:
> Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls,
> also subscribe to news agencies (wire services) (such as the
> Associated Press, Reuters, or Agence France-Presse), which employ
> journalists to find, assemble, and report the news, then sell the
> content to the various newspapers. This is a way to avoid duplicating
> the expense of reporting.
Now, I understand the need for clear URIs for concepts and the benefits
of linked open data. But the nature of linked open data is that any
individual record can be ballooned indefinitely. Why is there a
definition of 'newspaper' at such tedious length and not, say a full
expansion of the [geographic definition of
'Graz'](https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=nid%3D4021912-4)
where it appears? I am sure there is a reason--but I'm equally sure it's
not really a good one.
Toggle to see the metadata for a single newspaper
So now I've got to parse these monster XML blobs 1.3 million times. And
this time I can't resort to regex. Ugh. Again, this is something that
most researchers will abandon quickly. I'm increasingly XML referred to
in the past tense online, as a data format/data movement that failed.
Evangelists will surely disagree, and certainly a great deal has been
lost. But for my purposes, I need something tabular that can be joined,
and XML and tables play extremely poorly together.
But I'll try. The first step will be to get into JSON-LD format, which
is a linked data format that actually works inside of programming
languages for non-evangelist humans. It turns out to be something of a
pain--maybe ten minutes of vaguely recalling terms before I precisely
figure out how to use [Harold Solbrig's rdflib-jsonld extension to the
rdflib library](https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib-jsonld) to squeeze the
data into JSON. Solbrig, thank goodness, has provided a code example.
With everything but the format to put in, the transformation is obvious.
{.python}
```
from rdflib import Graph, plugin
from rdflib.serializer import Serializer
g = Graph().parse(data=demo, format="xml") #<-took a while to figure this line out!
print(g.serialize(format='json-ld', indent=1))
```
OK. So all I really need here is the nmewspaper title and the date, so
let's see how to parse it out. Once again, the json-ld is massively
large. After wasting 40 minutes trying to figure out if I can implement
a general solution to parse out all the various `@type` entries using a
json context into a flatter document, and coming up flat against the
difficulties of inferring the many contexts, I decide to just do a
quick-and-dirty route that will lose most of the json-ld data here.
First, filter to only proxies:
{.python}
```
proxies = [f for f in json.loads(d) if 'http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/Proxy' in f['@type']]
```
And then reduce to a dict where we grab the first occurrence of a value
or id field if it seems to be a Dublin Core item.
Again, this is requiring a completely different set of skills than the
data wrangling above. If I knew a lot about LOD, I could do much better
here. But the python libraries I'm finding don't make this especially
easy, so I'm giving up on the LOD dream of being able to put it back
together in a multilingual frame.
{.python}
```
def parse_row(d):
proxies = [f for f in json.loads(d) if 'http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/Proxy' in f['@type']]
out = {}
for k, v in proxies[1].items():
if "purl.org/dc" in k:
try:
out['dc:' + k.split("/")[-1]] = v[0]['@value']
except KeyError:
out['dc:' + k.split("/")[-1]] = v[0]['@id']
return out
```
{.python}
```
{'dc:identifier': 'oai:fue.onb.at:EuropeanaNewspapers_Delivery_3:ONB_00286/1875/ONB_00286_18750610.zip',
'dc:language': 'deu',
'dc:relation': 'http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuigkeits-Welt-Blatt',
'dc:source': 'http://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=nwb&datum=18750610',
'dc:subject': 'http://d-nb.info/gnd/4067510-5',
'dc:title': 'Neuigkeits-Welt-Blatt - 1875-06-10',
'dc:type': 'http://schema.org/PublicationIssue',
'dc:extent': 'Pages: 4',
'dc:isPartOf': 'http://data.europeana.eu/item/9200300/BibliographicResource_3000095610170',
'dc:issued': '1875-06-10',
'dc:spatial': 'http://d-nb.info/gnd/4066009-6'
}
```
This whole process can parse about 40 lines a second. That sounds kind
of fast, maybe. But with 1.3 million metadata items it would take *nine
hours* to run, single threaded in Python on my laptop. That is obscene.
We can reduce this by batching by issue an getting it down to about an
hour--there are "only" 154,000 records in here. But a good metadata
format should be able to load a million rows of structured data in under
a second, not in nine hours. This data could probably have been released
in CSV on the Web, or JSON-LD, or some other format where this process
would take a minute or two.
Anyhow--nine hours is too long for me because it's the morning. I'll
split this up into multiple processes that work on batches of 25,000 at
a time, and set it running in a loop.
* * * * *
And I'm back! So now I've got data and I've got texts. Joining these
together is pretty easy--I just pull apart the IIIF ID and merge them
in. Now I need to figure out how to distribute these to the student.
These are big--too big, probably to simply slap them into an e-mail.
But luckily, I set up a static hosting service on Google a few months
ago, so I can just upload them into there. I've created files for _all_
of these newspapers now. So we've got one for the student, but also for
_you_.
|file|start date|end date|issues|pages|compressed size|link|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|Figaro|1857-01-04|5374|574|1875-12-25|9.4 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Figaro.parquet)|
|Tages-Post|1865-01-18|10089|2082|1875-12-31|51.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Tages-Post.parquet)|
|Salzburger Volksblatt: die unabhängige Tageszeitung für Stadt und Land Salzburg|1871-01-03|3170|636|1875-12-24|10.2 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Salzburger+Volksblatt%3A+die+unabh%C3%A4ngige+Tageszeitung+f%C3%BCr+Stadt+und+Land+Salzburg.parquet)|
|Nasa Sloga|1870-06-01|322|79|1875-11-16|0.9 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Nasa+Sloga.parquet)|
|Wienerische Kirchenzeitung|1784-01-24|1788|214|1789-12-24|2.4 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Wienerische+Kirchenzeitung.parquet)|
|Feldkircher Zeitung|1861-08-03|3987|960|1875-12-29|11.8 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Feldkircher+Zeitung.parquet)|
|Österreichische Buchhändler-Correspondenz|1860-02-01|4154|421|1875-12-25|7.8 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/%C3%96sterreichische+Buchh%C3%A4ndler-Correspondenz.parquet)|
|Volksblatt für Stadt und Land|1871-11-09|4405|319|1875-12-31|20.9 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Volksblatt+f%C3%BCr+Stadt+und+Land.parquet)|
|Teplitz-Schönauer Anzeiger|1861-05-01|6744|536|1875-12-18|13.9 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Teplitz-Sch%C3%B6nauer+Anzeiger.parquet)|
|Linzer Volksblatt|1870-01-03|5256|1190|1875-12-29|22.1 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Linzer+Volksblatt.parquet)|
|Extract-Schreiben oder Europaeische Zeitung|1700-12-01|16|2|1700-12-04|0.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Extract-Schreiben+oder+Europaeische+Zeitung.parquet)|
|Grazer Volksblatt|1868-01-02|13692|1495|1875-12-30|49.1 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Grazer+Volksblatt.parquet)|
|Nordböhmisches Volksblatt|1873-10-04|42|7|1873-12-13|0.2 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Nordb%C3%B6hmisches+Volksblatt.parquet)|
|Agramer Zeitung|1841-01-06|6943|1286|1858-06-30|21.7 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Agramer+Zeitung.parquet)|
|Neuigkeits-Welt-Blatt|1874-01-06|7104|425|1875-12-31|29.2 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Neuigkeits-Welt-Blatt.parquet)|
|Die Neuzeit|1861-09-13|4012|339|1872-12-20|9.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Die+Neuzeit.parquet)|
|Eideseis dia ta anatolika mere|1811-07-05|216|27|1811-11-19|0.2 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Eideseis+dia+ta+anatolika+mere.parquet)|
|Die Debatte|1864-11-13|5260|1073|1869-09-30|52.5 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Die+Debatte.parquet)|
|Die Bombe|1871-01-08|1512|163|1875-12-31|4.1 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Die+Bombe.parquet)|
|Znaimer Wochenblatt|1858-01-17|4986|569|1875-12-24|14.2 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Znaimer+Wochenblatt.parquet)|
|Zeitschrift für Notariat und freiwillige Gerichtsbarkeit in Österreich|1868-01-08|1368|260|1875-12-29|3.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Notariat+und+freiwillige+Gerichtsbarkeit+in+%C3%96sterreich.parquet)|
|Frauenblätter|1872-01-01|285|17|1872-12-15|0.5 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Frauenbl%C3%A4tter.parquet)|
|Populäre österreichische Gesundheits-Zeitung|1830-05-26|4337|685|1840-12-31|5.2 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Popul%C3%A4re+%C3%B6sterreichische+Gesundheits-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Union|1872-01-07|342|83|1874-11-15|2.6 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Union.parquet)|
|Prager Abendblatt|1867-01-02|9432|1697|1875-12-22|28.4 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Prager+Abendblatt.parquet)|
|Kikeriki|1861-11-14|3442|592|1875-12-30|7.9 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Kikeriki.parquet)|
|Vorarlberger Landes-Zeitung|1863-08-11|5402|1219|1875-12-28|15.9 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Vorarlberger+Landes-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Hermes ho logios|1811-02-01|2791|114|1819-12-15|3.4 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Hermes+ho+logios.parquet)|
|Philologikos telegraphos|1817-01-01|400|84|1820-12-15|0.9 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Philologikos+telegraphos.parquet)|
|Oesterreichisches Journal|1870-08-06|2854|305|1875-12-15|12.4 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Oesterreichisches+Journal.parquet)|
|Weltausstellung: Wiener Weltausstellungs-Zeitung|1871-08-18|1446|233|1875-11-19|5.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Weltausstellung%3A+Wiener+Weltausstellungs-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Der Floh|1869-01-01|1893|193|1875-12-19|6.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Der+Floh.parquet)|
|Wiener Abendzeitung|1848-03-28|438|106|1848-10-24|0.6 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Wiener+Abendzeitung.parquet)|
|Feldkircher Anzeiger|1866-01-02|1498|239|1875-12-21|1.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Feldkircher+Anzeiger.parquet)|
|Allgemeine Österreichische Gerichtszeitung|1851-01-03|9182|2233|1875-12-31|22.1 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Allgemeine+%C3%96sterreichische+Gerichtszeitung.parquet)|
|Leitmeritzer Zeitung|1871-07-08|2530|285|1875-12-31|7.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Leitmeritzer+Zeitung.parquet)|
|Feldkircher Wochenblatt|1810-02-13|3762|743|1857-12-22|2.9 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Feldkircher+Wochenblatt.parquet)|
|Politische Frauen-Zeitung|1869-10-17|568|69|1871-12-31|1.8 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Politische+Frauen-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Militär-Zeitung|1849-07-03|12170|1628|1875-12-08|35.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Milit%C3%A4r-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Ellēnikos tēlegraphos: ētoi eidēseis dia ta anatolika mere|1812-01-03|5343|1182|1836-12-27|10.9 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Ell%C4%93nikos+t%C4%93legraphos%3A+%C4%93toi+eid%C4%93seis+dia+ta+anatolika+mere.parquet)|
|Blätter für Musik, Theater und Kunst|1855-02-02|4840|1196|1873-12-27|16.8 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Bl%C3%A4tter+f%C3%BCr+Musik%2C+Theater+und+Kunst.parquet)|
|Cur-Liste Bad Ischl|1842-06-02|3998|646|1875-09-11|2.7 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Cur-Liste+Bad+Ischl.parquet)|
|Innsbrucker Nachrichten|1854-01-26|42010|4330|1875-12-31|36.4 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Innsbrucker+Nachrichten.parquet)|
|Der Humorist|1837-01-02|18850|4430|1862-05-03|55.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Der+Humorist.parquet)|
|Bregenzer Wochenblatt|1793-03-15|8739|1725|1863-07-28|9.4 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Bregenzer+Wochenblatt.parquet)|
|Ephemeris|1791-01-03|2774|311|1797-12-11|2.7 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Ephemeris.parquet)|
|Wiener Sonntags-Zeitung|1867-01-01|4326|589|1875-12-26|20.5 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Wiener+Sonntags-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Österreichische Zeitschrift für Verwaltung|1868-01-02|1130|280|1875-12-30|2.6 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/%C3%96sterreichische+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Verwaltung.parquet)|
|Vorarlberger Zeitung|1849-04-06|272|67|1850-03-22|0.6 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Vorarlberger+Zeitung.parquet)|
|Die Gartenlaube für Österreich|1867-01-28|937|67|1869-04-19|2.5 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Die+Gartenlaube+f%C3%BCr+%C3%96sterreich.parquet)|
|Allgemeine land- und forstwirthschaftliche Zeitung|1851-07-05|3742|301|1867-12-27|7.1 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Allgemeine+land-+und+forstwirthschaftliche+Zeitung.parquet)|
|Wiener Vororte-Zeitung|1875-02-15|52|13|1875-11-01|0.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Wiener+Vororte-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Siebenbürgisch-deutsches Wochenblatt|1868-06-10|3182|193|1873-12-31|7.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Siebenb%C3%BCrgisch-deutsches+Wochenblatt.parquet)|
|Neue Wiener Musik-Zeitung|1852-01-15|1289|312|1860-12-29|3.8 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Neue+Wiener+Musik-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Österreichische Badezeitung|1872-04-14|600|54|1875-08-22|1.6 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/%C3%96sterreichische+Badezeitung.parquet)|
|Deutsche Zeitung|1872-04-02|9284|604|1874-12-29|63.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Deutsche+Zeitung.parquet)|
|Internationale Ausstellungs-Zeitung|1873-05-02|492|79|1873-09-30|3.1 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Internationale+Ausstellungs-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Janus|1818-10-10|236|52|1819-06-30|0.4 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Janus.parquet)|
|Wiener Moden-Zeitung|1862-01-01|126|13|1863-07-15|0.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Wiener+Moden-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Die Emancipation|1875-04-22|64|8|1875-05-25|0.1 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Die+Emancipation.parquet)|
|Die Vedette|1869-11-01|3253|187|1875-12-19|5.8 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Die+Vedette.parquet)|
|Salzburger Chronik|1873-07-01|986|238|1875-12-30|3.1 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Salzburger+Chronik.parquet)|
|Wiener Feuerwehr-Zeitung|1871-01-01|336|78|1875-12-15|0.7 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Wiener+Feuerwehr-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Gerichtshalle|1857-03-30|6132|1005|1875-12-23|14.6 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Gerichtshalle.parquet)|
|Illustrirtes Wiener Extrablatt|1872-03-24|6354|662|1875-12-31|29.7 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Illustrirtes+Wiener+Extrablatt.parquet)|
|Wiener Salonblatt|1870-03-13|2170|138|1875-12-24|5.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Wiener+Salonblatt.parquet)|
|Sonntagsblätter|1842-01-16|5277|227|1848-09-17|6.1 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Sonntagsbl%C3%A4tter.parquet)|
|Wiener Theater-Zeitung|1806-07-15|14345|3110|1838-12-29|33.5 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Wiener+Theater-Zeitung.parquet)|
|Wiener Landwirtschaftliche Zeitung|1868-01-03|746|76|1869-12-18|2.3 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Wiener+Landwirtschaftliche+Zeitung.parquet)|
|Vorarlberger Volks-Blatt|1866-06-15|4143|644|1875-12-31|10.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Vorarlberger+Volks-Blatt.parquet)|
|Marburger Zeitung|1862-04-13|447|104|1870-11-30|1.6 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Marburger+Zeitung.parquet)|
|Vaterländische Blätter für den österreichischen Kaiserstaat|1808-05-10|5861|816|1820-12-27|9.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Vaterl%C3%A4ndische+Bl%C3%A4tter+f%C3%BCr+den+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Kaiserstaat.parquet)|
|Freie Pädagogische Blätter|1867-01-19|5136|316|1875-12-25|7.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/Freie+P%C3%A4dagogische+Bl%C3%A4tter.parquet)|
|Jörgel Briefe|1852-01-02|14086|757|1875-12-06|13.0 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/J%C3%B6rgel+Briefe.parquet)|
|Österreichische Feuerwehrzeitung|1865-08-15|430|95|1872-06-02|1.2 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/%C3%96sterreichische+Feuerwehrzeitung.parquet)|
|Österreichische Buchdrucker-Zeitung|1873-02-11|675|96|1875-12-30|1.9 MB|[download](https://static.benschmidt.org/europeana_papers/%C3%96sterreichische+Buchdrucker-Zeitung.parquet)|Read on benschmidt.org ↗
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