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Updates: 

I added the 2010 census figures from source [17]. (The total of the state populations is about 22,000 more than the total for Brazil.) The same source gave area figures that are slightly different from the ones I had reported previously.

On 2011-12-11, a plebiscite was held in the state of Par� to decide on the creation of two new states, Caraj�s and Tapaj�s state, each to be split from Par�. Both measures failed by a margin of two to one. Sorin Cosoveanu tipped me off to this news.

As of 2008-06-24, Brazil has changed from four time zones to three.

Errata: Under the Change history for 1943-09-13, Guapor� was formed from parts of Amazonas and Mato Grosso, not Amazonas and Minas Gerais as stated in the book. Esp�rito Santo is in the Sudeste region of Brazil, not Nordeste as stated in the book.

Country overview: 

Short name	BRAZIL
ISO code	BR
FIPS code	BR
Language	Portuguese (pt)
Time zone	Zones
Capital	Bras�lia

 

Brazil has been an independent country for the whole 20th century. Its primary subdivisions have been estados (states), territ�rios (territories), and a distrito federal (federal district). The generic name for all types of primary subdivision is unidades da federa��o (units of the federation).

Other names of country: 

1. Danish: Brasilien
2. Dutch: Brazili�, Federatieve Republiek Brazili� (formal)
3. English: Federative Republic of Brazil (formal)
4. Finnish: Brasilia
5. French: Br�sil m; R�publique f f�d�rative du Br�sil (formal)
6. German: Brasilien n
7. Icelandic: Brasil�a
8. Italian: Brasile m
9. Norwegian: Forbundsrepublikken Brasil (formal) (Bokm�l), Sambandsrepublikken Brasil (formal) (Nynorsk), Brasil
10. Portuguese: Brasil, Rep�blica f Federativa do Brasil m (formal), Estados mp Unidos do Brasil (obsolete)
11. Russian: Федеративная Республика Бразилия (formal)
12. Spanish: Brasil, Rep�blica f Federativa de Brasil m (formal)
13. Swedish: Brasilien
14. Turkish: Brezilya Federal Cumhuriyeti (formal)

Origin of name: 

Brazil wood (Portuguese: pau-brasil) was a major export in early colonial times.

Primary subdivisions: 

Brazil is divided into 26 estados (states) and one distrito federal (federal district).

State	HASC	FIPS	Tz	Population	Area(km.�)	Area(mi.�)	Capital	Reg	Demonym	CEP
Acre	BR.AC	BR01	-4	733,559	164,123	63,368	Rio Branco	N	acreano	699-699
Alagoas	BR.AL	BR02	-3	3,120,494	27,779	10,725	Macei�	NE	alagoano	570-579
Amap�	BR.AP	BR03	-3	669,526	142,829	55,146	Macap�	N	amapaense	685-689
Amazonas	BR.AM	BR04	-4	3,483,985	1,559,159	601,995	Manaus	N	amazonense	690-698
Bahia	BR.BA	BR05	-3	14,016,906	564,733	218,045	Salvador	NE	baiano	400-489
Cear�	BR.CE	BR06	-3	8,452,381	148,920	57,499	Fortaleza	NE	cearense	600-639
Distrito Federal	BR.DF	BR07	-3 ~	2,570,160	5,780	2,232	Bras�lia	CO	brasiliense	700-739
Esp�rito Santo	BR.ES	BR08	-3 ~	3,514,952	46,096	17,798	Vit�ria	SD	capixaba	290-299
Goi�s	BR.GO	BR29	-3 ~	6,003,788	340,112	131,318	Goi�nia	CO	goiano	740-766
Maranh�o	BR.MA	BR13	-3	6,574,789	331,937	128,162	S�o Lu�s	NE	maranhense	650-659
Mato Grosso	BR.MT	BR14	-4 ~	3,035,122	903,366	348,792	Cuiab�	CO	matogrossense	780-788
Mato Grosso do Sul	BR.MS	BR11	-4 ~	2,449,024	357,146	137,895	Campo Grande	CO	mato-grossulense	790-799
Minas Gerais	BR.MG	BR15	-3 ~	19,597,330	586,522	226,457	Belo Horizonte	SD	mineiro	300-399
Par�	BR.PA	BR16	-3	7,581,051	1,247,955	481,838	Bel�m	N	paraense	660-684
Para�ba	BR.PB	BR17	-3	3,766,528	56,470	21,803	Jo�o Pessoa	NE	paraibano	580-589
Paran�	BR.PR	BR18	-3 ~	10,444,526	199,308	76,953	Curitiba	S	paranaense	800-877
Pernambuco	BR.PE	BR30	-3	8,796,448	98,148	37,895	Recife	NE	pernambucano	500-569
Piau�	BR.PI	BR20	-3	3,118,360	251,578	97,135	Teresina	NE	piauiense	640-649
Rio de Janeiro	BR.RJ	BR21	-3 ~	15,989,929	43,780	16,904	Rio de Janeiro	SD	fluminense	200-289
Rio Grande do Norte	BR.RN	BR22	-3	3,168,027	52,811	20,390	Natal	NE	potiguar	590-599
Rio Grande do Sul	BR.RS	BR23	-3 ~	10,693,929	281,730	108,777	Porto Alegre	S	ga�cho	900-999
Rond�nia	BR.RO	BR24	-4	1,562,409	237,591	91,734	Porto Velho	N	rondoniano	789-789
Roraima	BR.RR	BR25	-4	450,479	224,301	86,603	Boa Vista	N	roraimense	690-698
Santa Catarina	BR.SC	BR26	-3 ~	6,248,436	95,736	36,964	Florian�polis	S	catarinense	880-899
S�o Paulo	BR.SP	BR27	-3 ~	41,262,199	248,223	95,839	S�o Paulo	SD	paulista	000-199
Sergipe	BR.SE	BR28	-3	2,068,017	21,915	8,461	Aracaju	NE	sergipano	490-499
Tocantins	BR.TO	BR31	-3	1,383,445	277,721	107,228	Palmas	N	tocantinense	774-779
27 divisions				190,732,694	8,515,767	3,287,956
State: except for Distrito Federal, which is a federal district. HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes. If periods are replaced by hyphens, these are the same as the state codes from ISO standard 3166-2. The two-letter state codes, or siglas, are defined by the Brazilian government, and are widely used and recognized in Brazil. FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4. Tz: Time zones. Convert from UTC to local time by adding this number of hours. Tilde (~) indicates areas where daylight saving time is in effect during summer. Some islands belonging to Pernambuco are in UTC-2. Population: 2010-08-01 census. Reg: For code, see table of regions below. Demonym: The term for a (male) person from the state. CEP: Brazilian c�digos de endere�amento postal (postal addressing codes) are five digits, with an optional three-digit extension. With a few exceptions, postal codes for each state have their first three digits falling into a defined range. The exceptions are cases where a city is served from a distribution center in a neighboring state. Also, Amazonas and Roraima share a block of codes.

Further subdivisions:

See the Microregions of Brazil page.

The states are subdivided into munic�pios (municipalities). There were 4,493 munic�pios in 1992; 3,950 in 1976. The munic�pios are subdivided into distritos (districts). The federal district is subdivided into 13 administrative regions.

Regions (regi�o, pl. regi�es, sometimes grande regi�o) seem to have no administrative function but are often used for statistical analysis. I have created the abbreviations used here for convenience. This regional division dates from 1971; a different division was in effect from 1941 to 1970.

Reg	Name	English
CO	Centro-Oeste	Center-West
N	Norte	North
NE	Nordeste	North-East
S	Sul	South
SD	Sudeste	South-East

 

For purposes of convenience, the federal government has defined mesorregi�es (intermediate regions) and microrregi�es (microregions), with no administrative function. The grande regi�es, the unidades da federa��o, the mesorregi�es, the microrregi�es, and the municipios form a hierarchy, as described on the HASC page.

Territorial extent: 

Several areas are or were in dispute between neighboring states:

1. Amazonas/Par�: some islands in the Amazon, including the town of Nhamunda, totaling 2,680 sq.km. Now part of Amazonas.
2. Cear�/Piau�: three sections, including the town of Macambira (or Mocambira), totaling 3,382 sq.km.
3. Esp�rito Santo/Minas Gerais: Serra dos Aimor�s, briefly treated as a separate region in the 1950s. Largest towns: Mantena and Barra de S�o Francisco. Area 10,137 sq. km. Later divided, with about 5,719 sq. km. going to Esp�rito Santo.

1. Brazil uses the phrase "ilhas oce�nicas" (oceanic islands) to refer to any islands off the coast of Brazil. There are many oceanic islands that are no more than about 10 km. from the mainland, and clearly belong to the coastal state adjacent. The five groups that are over 100 km. offshore are all mentioned in the next few items.
2. Distrito Federal and Minas Gerais have a short border along the Rio Preto, which is hard to see on a small-scale map.
3. Esp�rito Santo includes the oceanic islands of Martin Vaz and Trindade.
4. Par� contains Ilha de Maraj� in the Amazon delta. It is said to be the largest island in the world partly surrounded by fresh water.
5. Pernambuco includes the former territory of Fernando de Noronha, consisting of the oceanic islands of Fernando de Noronha and Penedos de S�o Pedro e S�o Paulo.
6. Rio Grande do Norte includes the oceanic islands of Atol das Rocas.
7. Tocantins contains Ilha do Bananal, a lozenge of land lying between two branches of the Araguaia River. It is said to be the largest river island in the world.

The UN LOCODE page  for Brazil lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions.

Origins of names: 

1. Acre: from Acre River (formerly Aquiri River)
2. Alagoas: from large number of lakes (Portuguese as lagoas: the lakes)
3. Amazonas: from Amazon River. Amazon comes from the Greek for "without breast." Greek legend said that the Amazons were a race of female warriors in Scythia who cut off their right breasts to be able to draw their bows unencumbered. When early explorer Francisco de Orellana encountered beardless warriors, he named the river after the legendary women.
4. Bahia: formed around All Saints' Bay (Portugese Ba�a de Todos os Santos; Bahia is another spelling of Ba�a). The bay was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci on All Saints' Day, 1501-11-01.
5. Cear�: Guaran� ceara: shouts
6. Distrito Federal: = Federal District
7. Esp�rito Santo: = Holy Spirit
8. Fernando de Noronha: named for Portuguese navigator Fernando de Noronha, who discovered the island on 1502-08-29, Saint John's Day, and named it Ilha de S�o Joh�o
9. Goi�s: from an ethnic name
10. Maranh�o: Guaran� para: river, na: parent, jho: come out
11. Mato Grosso: = Large Brushland
12. Mato Grosso do Sul: = Southern Mato Grosso
13. Minas Gerais: from government-owned gold mines in the area (Portuguese Minas Gerais: General Mines)
14. Par�: Guaran� para: variegated
15. Para�ba: from Para�ba River (Tup� para hiba: arm of the river, or Guaran� para ai: bad river)
16. Paran�: from Paran� River (Guaran� parana: father of waters)
17. Pernambuco: Guaran� parana: great river, mbuku: arm
18. Rio de Janeiro: = River of January. When Gaspar de Lemos and Amerigo Vespucci discovered the mouth of Guanabara Bay on 1502-01-01, they named it Rio de Janeiro in the mistaken belief that it was a large river.
19. Rio Grande do Norte: = Big River of the North
20. Rio Grande do Sul: = Big River of the South
21. Rond�nia: named for Marshal C�ndido Mariano da Silva Rondon, soldier and explorer
22. Roraima: from Mount Roraima
23. Santa Catarina: reportedly named by Sebastian Cabot after Saint Catherine of Alexandria
24. S�o Paulo: = Saint Paul. Founded by Jesuits on 1554-01-25, festival day of Saint Paul's conversion.
25. Sergipe: from Serigy, a native chief
26. Tocantins: from Tocantins River, which came from an ethnic name

Change history: 

1. I've extended the change history back to the beginning of colonization. Some details may still be missing, especially before 1800.
2. An expression like "(S�o Pedro do) Rio Grande do Sul" means that the entity's official name is S�o Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, but its common or present-day name is simply Rio Grande do Sul.
3. 1534: First capitanias heredit�rias (hereditary captaincies) created. These were land grants made by Dom Jo�o III, king of Portugal.
4. 1549: By this date, the captaincies were Bah�a de Todos os Santos, Cear�, Esp�ritu Santo, Ilh�us, Itamarac�, Maranh�o (two by this name), Pernambuco, P�rto Seguro, Rio Grande, Santana, S�o Amaro, S�o Tom�, and S�o Vicente (two by this name). In 1549, the king bought back Bah�a captaincy and made it a governo geral (general-governorship).
5. 1572: Brazil divided into two general-governorships, with capitals at Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. They were reunited in 1577, Salvador remaining the capital.
6. 1621: Maranh�o state created by decree of Filipe III of Portugal. The rest of Brazil remained organized into captaincies.
7. 1709-04-17: Name of S�o Vicente captaincy changed to S�o Paulo e Minas de Ouro.
8. 1720-09-12: S�o Paulo e Minas de Ouro captaincy split into Minas Gerais and S�o Paulo.
9. 1737: Par� captaincy created.
10. 1739-03-07: Santa Catarina captaincy split from S�o Paulo.
11. 1748-05-09: Goi�z and Mato Grosso captaincies split from S�o Paulo.
12. 1751: Maranh�o state enlarged to form Gr�o-Par� e Maranh�o state, with capital at Bel�m.
13. 1763: Capital of Brazil moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro; Sergipe captaincy merged with Ba�a.
14. 1772: Maranh�o and Piau� became independent captaincies of Par�.
15. 1799: Cear� captaincy split from Pernambuco.
16. 1807-02-25: (S�o Pedro do) Rio Grande do Sul captaincy created.
17. 1810: Esp�rito Santo split from Ba�a; name of capital of Rio Grande do Sul changed from Porto dos Casais to Porto Alegre.
18. 1811: Piau� captaincy created.
19. 1817-09-16: Alagoas captaincy split from Pernambuco.
20. 1820: Sergipe captaincy created.
21. 1821-02-28: Status of captaincies changed to prov�ncias (provinces). The provinces at this time were Alagoas, Ba�a, Cear�, Esp�rito Santo, Goi�z, Gr�o-Par�, Maranh�o, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Para�ba do Norte, Pernambuco, Piau�, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Catarina, Sergipe, S�o Paulo, and S�o Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul.
22. 1821: Banda Oriental (present-day Uruguay) annexed to Brazil under the name of Prov�ncia Cisplatina (Cisplatine province).
23. 1822-09-07: Brazil became independent from Portugal.
24. 1827: Capital of Pernambuco province moved from Olinda to Recife.
25. 1828-08-27: Cisplatina gained independence from Brazil under Argentine-Brazilian peace treaty, becoming the country of Uruguay.
26. 1834: Munic�pio Neutro (neutral municipality) split from Rio de Janeiro province, to serve as a capital district. Niter�i became the new capital of Rio de Janeiro province.
27. 1835: Capital of Mato Grosso province moved from Vila Bela to Cuiab�.
28. 1839-12-09: Capital of Alagoas province moved from Alagoas to Macei�.
29. 1850-09-05: Gr�o-Par� split into Amazonas and Par� provinces.
30. 1851: Capital of Piau� moved from Oeiras to Teresina, named for Empress Maria Teresa Cristina.
31. 1853: Paran� province split from S�o Paulo.
32. 1855-03-17: Capital of Sergipe moved from S�o Crist�v�o to (Santo Ant�nio de) Aracaju.
33. 1867-03-27: Acre granted to Bolivia in the Treaty of Ayacucho.
34. 1889-11-15: Brazil declared a republic. Status of provinces changed to states. Name of Munic�pio Neutro changed to Distrito Federal. Official name of country became Estados Unidos do Brasil.
35. 1895: Name of capital of Santa Catarina changed from (Nossa Senhora do) Desterro to Florian�polis in memory of Marshal Floriano Peixoto.
36. 1897-10-12: Capital of Minas Gerais moved from Ouro Preto to Cidade de Minas.
37. 1900-03-23: Acre reconquered by Bolivia after proclaiming its independence on 1899-07-14.
38. 1900-12-01: Geneva Commission awarded present-day Amap� to Brazil in a boundary dispute with France.
39. 1901: Name of capital of Minas Gerais changed from Cidade de Minas to Belo Horizonte.
40. 1903-11-17: Acre purchased from Bolivia for two million pounds in the Treaty of Petr�polis, organized as a territory; border demarcated 1909-09-08.
41. 1904: A district named Pirara was taken from Amazonas (in the area that is now Roraima) and annexed to British Guiana through arbitration.
42. 1904: Ecuador ceded land between the Japur� and Amazon Rivers, as far west as the modern border between Brazil and Colombia, to Brazil.
43. 1907: Colombia ceded a large, remote area around the Uaup�s River to Brazil, where it became part of Amazonas.
44. 1912: Name of capital of Acre territory changed from (Volta de) Empresa to Rio Branco.
45. 1930-09-04: Name of capital of Para�ba changed from Para�ba to Jo�o Pessoa in memory of an assassinated president-elect.
46. 1937: Capital of Goi�z moved from Goi�z to the newly built city of Goi�nia.
47. 1942-09-02: Fernando de Noronha territory, consisting of Fernando de Noronha and several smaller oceanic islands, split from Pernambuco. Officially, the capital was the whole island of Fernando de Noronha. There is only one city on the island: Vila dos Remedios.
48. 1943-09-13: Amap� territory split from Par�; Igua�u territory formed from parts of Paran� and Santa Catarina; Ponta Por� territory split from Mato Grosso; Guapor� territory formed from parts of Amazonas and Mato Grosso; Rio Branco territory split from Amazonas.
49. 1943-09-13?: Name of Ba�a state changed to Bahia; name of Goi�z state changed to Goi�s.
50. 1944-05-31: Macap� became capital of Amap�.
51. 1946-09-18: Igua�u territory restored to Paran� and Santa Catarina; Ponta Por� territory restored to Mato Grosso.
52. 1956-02-17: Name of Guapor� territory (former sigla GR) changed to Rond�nia.
53. 1960-04-21: Capital of Brazil changed from Rio de Janeiro to Bras�lia; (new) Distrito Federal split from Goi�s as federal district; name and status of (old) Distrito Federal (former sigla DF) changed to Guanabara state.
54. 1962-06-15: Status of Acre changed from territory to state.
55. 1962-12-13: Name of Rio Branco territory (former sigla RB) changed to Roraima.
56. 1969-10-19: New constitution adopted. Official name of country became Rep�blica Federativa do Brasil.
57. 1975-03-15: Guanabara state (former sigla GB) merged with Rio de Janeiro; capital of Rio de Janeiro changed from Niter�i to Rio de Janeiro.
58. 1979-01-01: Mato Grosso do Sul split from Mato Grosso as state (FIPS: BR12BR11+BR14 (conjectural)).
59. 1981-12-22: Rond�nia changed from territory to state.
60. 1989-01-01: Fernando de Noronha (former sigla FN) merged with Pernambuco (FIPS: BR09+BR19BR30); status of Amap� and Roraima changed from territory to state; Tocantins state split from Goi�s, with Miracema do Tocantins as its capital. At the same time, Tocantins was transferred from Centro-Oeste region to Norte. (FIPS: BR10BR29+BR31).
61. 1990-01: Capital of Tocantins moved from Miracema do Tocantins to Palmas.

Other names of subdivisions: 

1. Amazonas: Amazone (French)
2. Bahia: Ba�a (obsolete)
3. Goi�s: Goi�z, Goy�z (obsolete)
4. Maranh�o: S�o Lu�z de Maranh�o (obsolete)
5. Mato Grosso: Matto Grosso (variant)
6. Minas Gerais: Minas (informal); Minas Geraes (obsolete)
7. Para�ba: Parahyba (obsolete)
8. Pernambuco: Pernambouc (French)
9. Piau�: Piauhy (obsolete)
10. Rond�nia: Guapor� (obsolete); Rond�nia (European Portuguese)
11. Roraima: Rio Branco (obsolete)
12. Santa Catarina: Santa Catharina (obsolete)

Population history:

Unit	1900-12-31	1920-01-01	1940-01-01	1950-07-01	1960-09-01	1970-09-01	1980-09-01	1991-09-01	2000-08-01	2010-08-01
Acre		92,379	79,768	114,755	160,208	215,299	301,303	417,100	557,526	733,559
Alagoas	649,273	978,748	951,300	1,093,137	1,271,062	1,588,109	1,982,591	2,512,661	2,822,621	3,120,494
Amap�				37,477	68,889	114,359	175,257	289,041	477,032	669,526
Amazonas	249,756	363,166	438,008	514,099	721,215	955,235	1,430,089	2,102,771	2,812,557	3,483,985
Bahia	2,117,956	3,334,465	3,918,112	4,834,575	5,990,605	7,493,470	9,454,346	11,867,328	13,070,250	14,016,906
Cear�	849,127	1,319,228	2,091,032	2,695,450	3,337,856	4,361,603	5,288,253	6,366,117	7,430,661	8,452,381
Distrito Federal					141,742	537,492	1,176,935	1,601,095	2,051,146	2,570,160
Esp�rito Santo	209,783	457,328	790,149	957,238	1,418,348	1,599,333	2,023,340	2,600,624	3,097,232	3,514,952
Fernando de Noronha				581	1,389	1,241	1,279
Goi�s	255,284	511,919	826,414	1,214,921	1,954,862	2,938,677	3,859,602	4,017,510	5,003,228	6,003,788
Guanabara	811,443	1,157,873	1,764,141	2,377,451	3,307,163	4,251,918
Maranh�o	499,308	874,337	1,235,169	1,583,248	2,492,139	2,992,686	3,996,404	4,929,687	5,651,475	6,574,789
Mato Grosso	118,025	246,612	432,265	522,044	910,262	1,597,090	1,138,691	2,026,078	2,504,353	3,035,122
Mato Grosso do Sul							1,369,567	1,780,370	2,078,001	2,449,024
Minas Gerais	3,594,471	5,888,174	6,763,368	7,782,188	9,960,040	11,487,415	13,378,553	15,743,561	17,891,494	19,597,330
Par�	445,356	983,507	944,644	1,123,273	1,550,935	2,167,018	3,403,391	4,949,217	6,192,307	7,581,051
Para�ba	490,784	961,106	1,422,282	1,713,259	2,018,023	2,382,617	2,770,176	3,201,319	3,443,825	3,766,528
Paran�	327,136	685,711	1,236,276	2,115,547	4,296,375	6,929,868	7,629,392	8,448,600	9,563,458	10,444,526
Pernambuco	1,178,150	2,154,835	2,688,240	3,395,185	4,136,900	5,160,640	6,141,993	7,127,942	7,918,344	8,796,448
Piau�	334,328	609,003	817,601	1,045,696	1,263,368	1,680,573	2,139,021	2,582,077	2,843,278	3,118,360
Rio de Janeiro	926,035	1,559,371	1,847,857	2,297,194	3,402,728	4,742,884	11,291,520	12,807,220	14,391,282	15,989,929
Rio Grande do Norte	274,317	537,135	768,018	967,921	1,157,258	1,550,244	1,898,172	2,415,092	2,776,782	3,168,027
Rio Grande do Sul	1,149,070	2,182,713	3,320,689	4,164,821	5,448,823	6,664,891	7,773,837	9,138,453	10,187,798	10,693,929
Rond�nia				36,935	70,783	111,064	491,069	1,133,268	1,379,787	1,562,409
Roraima				18,116	29,489	40,885	79,159	217,584	324,397	450,479
Santa Catarina	320,289	668,743	1,178,340	1,560,502	2,146,909	2,901,734	3,627,933	4,542,044	5,356,360	6,248,436
S�o Paulo	2,282,279	4,592,188	7,180,316	9,134,423	12,974,699	17,771,948	25,040,712	31,588,801	37,032,403	41,262,199
Sergipe	356,264	477,064	542,326	644,361	760,273	900,744	1,140,121	1,491,871	1,784,475	2,068,017
Tocantins								918,387	1,157,098	1,383,445
Total	17,438,434	30,635,605	41,236,315	51,944,397	70,992,343	93,139,037	119,002,706	146,815,818	169,799,170	190,732,694

Sources: 

1. [1] Sinopse Estat�stica do Brasil (English Edition) 1975, Funda��o Instituto Brasileiro de Geograf�a e Estat�stica, Diretoria de Divulga��o, Rio de Janeiro, 1975. P. 36 has a table of census results for 1872, 1890, 1900, 1920, 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970. Footnotes indicate that 1960 data are "preliminary results and relating to the enumerated population"; 1970 data are "resident population". All data agree perfectly with the table above.
2. [2] The IBGE  website is the source for the 2000 census data, retrieved 2002-10-28.
3. [3] Almanaque Abril 1979, Editora Abril, S�o Paulo, 1978. P. 301 has a table of census results that exactly duplicates the one in source [1]. This book, as well as [4], has change history information.
4. [4] Almanaque Abril '85, Editora Abril, S�o Paulo, 1985. Lists 1980 populations, in agreement with the table above except for Acre, Fernando de Noronha, and Paran�. Discrepancies are small except in the case of Paran�, which is said to have only 692 inhabitants.
5. [5] The Statesman's Year-Book 1913. Lists 1890 and 1900 census data. 1900 data are in agreement with the table above except for Alagoas, Guanabara, Maranh�o, Mato Grosso, Para�ba, and Paran�. Most of the discrepancies are very small.
6. [6] The Statesman's Year-Book 1959, Macmillan & Co., London, 1959. Lists 1940 and 1950 census data. All figures agree with the table above except for Esp�rito Santo and Minas Gerais. This is probably due to Serra dos Aimor�s (see Territorial extent, above), an area disputed between the two states. Cf. source [14].
7. [7] The Statesman's Yearbook 1988-1989, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1988. Lists 1980 populations, in agreement with the table above.
8. [8] The Statesman's Yearbook 1993-94, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1993. Lists data for 1980 census and preliminary data for the 1991 census. 1980 data are in agreement with the table above, except that Tocantins is separated from Goi�s and Fernando de Noronha is combined with Pernambuco. 1991 data are a little off: sometimes too high, sometimes too low.
9. [9] The Statesman's Yearbook 1997-98, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1997. Lists data for 1980 and 1991 censuses. 1980 data are the same as in the 1993-94 edition; 1991 data are revised, and closer to the figures shown above, but still not exact.
10. [10] The Statesman's Yearbook 2006, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005. Lists data for 1996 and 2000 censuses. 2000 data agree perfectly with the table above.
11. [11] Hist�ria do Brasil para Estudos Sociais, Vol. 2, Julierme de Abreu e Castro. Instituto Brasileiro de Edi��es Pedag�gicas, S�o Paulo, N.D. but 1973 or 1974 based on internal evidence. Lists 1872, 1920, and 1970 census data. 1920 data agree perfectly with the table above; 1970 data are too high, usually by 1-2%. This book also contains some change history.
12. [12] Anu�rio Estat�stico do Brasil, 1992, Funda��o Instituto Brasileiro de Geograf�a e Estat�stica, Rio de Janeiro, 1993 (reprint). Contains information used in the change history.
13. [13] Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Springfield MA. Third Edition (1997) has preliminary figures for the 1991 census. They are a little off from the figures given in the table above. 1980 edition has preliminary figures for the 1970 census, also a little off.
14. [14] Encyclop�dia Britannica World Atlas, Chicago. 1951 edition has 1940 census data, which are uniformly higher than those shown in the table above. 1957 edition has exactly the same data by state as source [6]. The total is greater. A footnote explains this: "Total includes 192,032 persons: 31,960 not accounted for in the census of Minas Gerais (10,461), S�o Paulo (7,588), and Paran� (13,911); and 160,072 in Serra dos Aimor�s, the territory in dispute between Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo." 1964 edition has 1960 census data, the same as in the table above except for Esp�rito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Paran�.
15. [15] Atlante Enciclopedia Geografica Garzanti, Redazioni Garzanti, Milan, 1979. Lists 1970 census data, in agreement with the table above except that Guanabara population is included in Rio de Janeiro.
16. [16] Divis�o Territorial do Brasil, IBGE, 1951. This source refers to the siglas as abreviaturas (abbreviations).
17. [17] States@ , on the IBGE website, is the source for 2010 population data.