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Overview
Welcome to the 2023 Developer Survey! For 13 years, we've delivered industry-leading insights regarding the developer community.
This is the voice of the developer. Analysts, IT leaders, reporters, and other developers turn to this report to stay up to date with the evolving developer experience, technologies that are rising or falling in favor, and to understand where tech might be going next.
This year, we went deep into AI/ML to capture how developers are thinking about it and using it in their workflows. Stack Overflow is investing heavily in enhancing the developer experience across our products, using AI and other technology, to get people to solutions faster. Stack Overflow Labs is where we're sharing all we're doing - check it out for a deep dive on AI/ML insights as well as see what we're experimenting with so far.
Happy reading!
Developer Profile
Learning to code
Learning to code from online resources increased from 70% to 80% since the 2022 survey.
Respondents 18 and under are those most frequently selecting online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forums) to learn from. Respondents 25 - 34 were the top age cohort to have learned from online courses or certifications (52%) but still learn more from traditional school (55%).
Technology
Most popular technologies
This year, Docker is the top-used other tool amongst all respondents (53%) rising from its second place spot last year.
People learning to code are more likely to be using npm or Pip than Docker (50% and 37% respectively vs. 26%). Both are used alongside languages that are popular with students (JavaScript and Python respectively).
Technology
Most popular technologies
Why complicate it? Jira and Confluence are the top two async tools amongst all developers similar to last year, but this year a new addition to the list broke top three: 27% of respondents use markdown files as an async tool.
People who are learning to code are using GitHub Discussions more than markdown files (31% vs. 29%) and turn to Notion (26%) and Trello (23%) more than professional developers.
Technology
Admired and Desired
Rust is the most admired language, more than 80% of developers that use it want to use it again next year. Compare this to the least admired language: MATLAB. Less than 20% of developers who used this language want to use it again next year.
Technology
Admired and Desired
Phoenix is the most admired web framework and technology; more developers would choose to work with Phoenix again than those who have used the three most common: React, Node.js, and Next.js.
Technology
Admired and Desired
More respondents want to continue using Cargo next year than the top competitors (top 6 tools that respondents want to use next year), however, Docker has almost double the proportion of respondents that want to use it next year compared to all other options.
Technology
Worked with vs. want to work with
42% of ChatGPT users want to use Google Bard or Bing AI next year. These users are enjoying their experience: 79% want to use ChatGPT again next year.
Technology
Top paying technologies
Zig is the highest-paid language to know this year (a new addition), while Clojure gets knocked from the top spot with a 10% decrease from 2022.
Dart and SAS saw the highest increase in median pay during 2023, growing more than 20% year-over-year.
AI
Sentiment and usage
70% of all respondents are using or are planning to use AI tools in their development process this year. Those learning to code are more likely than professional developers to be using or use AI tools (82% vs. 70%).
Work
Employment
For all respondents this year we see a slight increase in “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” and equal-sized decrease in full-time students (1 percentage point) compared to last year and other employment status' changing less than that.
The costs of investing in oneself has risen with inflation in 2023 but not enough to sway many from the opportunity to level up their developer skills.
Work
Employment
Hybrid is here to stay for larger organizations; over half of employees in 5,000+ organizations are hybrid. The smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with one out of five organizations with fewer than 20 people report being in-person.
More developers this year are working in-person this year than last year (+2%). Return to office initiatives aside, coding easily lends itself to fully remote work and one third or more of all organization sizes are still fully remote.
Professional Developers
Productivity impacts
63% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems. People managers are more likely to spend less time searching than individual contributors (42% vs. 36% spend 30 minutes or less).
Developer Profile
What we know about the global community of developers
Developer Profile
Education
Most developers (84%) have a post-secondary education, having some college or more.
Educational attainment
Most professional developers have attained a Bachelor's degree (47%) with a quarter attaining a Master's degree (26%).
For the developers who are learning to code, more than half are between 18-24 years old, so it makes sense that they are more likely to not have a Bachelor's degree. They are likely still in school.
89,184 responses
| Primary/elementary school | 2.14% 1,905 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 9.98% 8,897 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 13.18% 11,753 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.15% 2,807 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 41.16% 36,706 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 23.03% 20,543 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) | 4.36% 3,887 |
| Something else | 1.65% 1,475 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
67,237 responses
| Primary/elementary school | 0.71% 478 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 5.87% 3,949 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 12.55% 8,437 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.27% 2,201 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 46.85% 31,498 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 25.62% 17,223 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) | 3.85% 2,590 |
| Something else | 1.28% 861 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
4,961 responses
| Primary/elementary school | 7.54% 374 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 31.79% 1,577 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 21.81% 1,082 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.53% 175 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 24.29% 1,205 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 6.11% 303 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) | 1.17% 58 |
| Something else | 3.77% 187 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
4,961 responses
| Primary/elementary school | 6.8% 351 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 21.55% 1,112 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 13.06% 674 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 2.81% 145 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 24.77% 1,278 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 20.45% 1,055 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, Ph.D, Ed.D, etc.) | 7.75% 400 |
| Something else | 2.79% 144 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
Developer Profile
Learning to code
There are as many ways to learn to code as there are coders. Developers use a variety of tools and resources to build their skills.
Learning how to code
Learning to code from online resources increased from 70% to 80% since the 2022 survey.
Respondents 18 and under are those most frequently selecting online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forums) to learn from. Respondents 25 - 34 were the top age cohort to have learned from online courses or certifications (52%) but still learn more from traditional school (55%).
87,663 responses
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 80.13% 70,244 |
| Books / Physical media | 51.8% 45,406 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 50.14% 43,957 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 49.28% 43,201 |
| On the job training | 46.06% 40,380 |
| Colleague | 23.41% 20,523 |
| Friend or family member | 11.33% 9,936 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 9.81% 8,602 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 8.02% 7,033 |
% Percentages # Responses
How do you learn to code? Select all that apply.
4,947 responses
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 79.14% 3,915 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 58.9% 2,914 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 52.05% 2,575 |
| Books / Physical media | 38.31% 1,895 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 19.83% 981 |
| Friend or family member | 16.01% 792 |
| On the job training | 11.32% 560 |
| Colleague | 11.2% 554 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 8.67% 429 |
% Percentages # Responses
How do you learn to code? Select all that apply.
86,688 responses
| Under 18 years old | |
|---|---|
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 88.34% 3,469 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 39.5% 1,551 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 34.22% 1,344 |
| Books / Physical media | 36.13% 1,419 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 10.36% 407 |
| Friend or family member | 19.33% 759 |
| On the job training | 6.44% 253 |
| Colleague | 4.02% 158 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 8.51% 334 |
| 18-24 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 84.15% 14,727 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 47.89% 8,381 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 62.05% 10,860 |
| Books / Physical media | 37.64% 6,588 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 11.25% 1,969 |
| Friend or family member | 14.34% 2,510 |
| On the job training | 32.17% 5,630 |
| Colleague | 17.31% 3,030 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 10.86% 1,901 |
| 25-34 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 79.9% 26,102 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 51.98% 16,980 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 55.01% 17,970 |
| Books / Physical media | 48.27% 15,770 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 10.65% 3,478 |
| Friend or family member | 11.25% 3,674 |
| On the job training | 51.37% 16,781 |
| Colleague | 26.73% 8,734 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 8.74% 2,855 |
| 35-44 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 80.39% 16,139 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 51.42% 10,323 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 44.34% 8,901 |
| Books / Physical media | 61.12% 12,269 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 9.08% 1,822 |
| Friend or family member | 10.34% 2,075 |
| On the job training | 53.85% 10,810 |
| Colleague | 27.87% 5,595 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 6.94% 1,394 |
| 45-54 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 79.46% 6,445 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 48.53% 3,936 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 37.36% 3,030 |
| Books / Physical media | 71.35% 5,787 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 7.24% 587 |
| Friend or family member | 7.72% 626 |
| On the job training | 54.86% 4,450 |
| Colleague | 25.41% 2,061 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 4.88% 396 |
| 55-64 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 73.91% 2,430 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 45.95% 1,511 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 38.93% 1,280 |
| Books / Physical media | 77.07% 2,534 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 7.51% 247 |
| Friend or family member | 5.47% 180 |
| On the job training | 55.2% 1,815 |
| Colleague | 21.93% 721 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 3.22% 106 |
| 65 years or older | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 63.83% 713 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 36.26% 405 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 40.29% 450 |
| Books / Physical media | 80.04% 894 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 5.73% 64 |
| Friend or family member | 4.74% 53 |
| On the job training | 50.4% 563 |
| Colleague | 16.03% 179 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 1.79% 20 |
% Percentages # Responses
How do you learn to code? Select all that apply.
Online resources to learn how to code
Like previous years, technical documentation and Stack Overflow are the top online resources people use when learning to code, with blogs rounding out the top three. Well-written documentation, an active community providing solutions, and regular posts are the trifecta of enabling people to teach themselves about a technology.
Developers see value in a variety of other resources like how-to videos, written tutorials, books, forums—they piece together the resources and formats that work best for their learning style.
70,084 responses
| Technical documentation | 90.36% 63,329 |
| Stack Overflow | 82.56% 57,861 |
| Blogs | 76.69% 53,745 |
| How-to videos | 60.14% 42,149 |
| Written Tutorials | 59.95% 42,012 |
| Video-based Online Courses | 49.41% 34,629 |
| Online books | 43.42% 30,432 |
| Online forum | 42.49% 29,780 |
| Written-based Online Courses | 36.11% 25,309 |
| Coding sessions (live or recorded) | 28.09% 19,690 |
| Interactive tutorial | 26.03% 18,242 |
| Online challenges (e.g., daily or weekly coding challenges) | 22.18% 15,544 |
| Certification videos | 13.31% 9,326 |
| Auditory material (e.g., podcasts) | 7.95% 5,571 |
| Games that teach programming | 5.89% 4,131 |
% Percentages # Responses
What online resources do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.
Online course platforms to learn how to code
Udemy maintains its place as the most popular online course or certification program for learning how to code.
37,076 responses
| Udemy | 65.53% 24,296 |
| Coursera | 34.62% 12,836 |
| Codecademy | 24.31% 9,015 |
| Pluralsight | 22.83% 8,463 |
| edX | 14.93% 5,536 |
| Udacity | 10.77% 3,992 |
| Skillsoft | 2.03% 754 |
% Percentages # Responses
What online courses or certifications do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.
Developer Profile
Experience
The majority of developers are in their early to mid-career stage.
Years coding
48% of respondents have been coding for less than ten years.
Australia and the United Kingdom respondents are the most experienced, with an average of 17.5 and 17 years of experience coding respectively.
87,435 responses
| Less than 1 year | 1.11% 968 |
| 1 to 4 years | 14.7% 12,855 |
| 5 to 9 years | 26.44% 23,117 |
| 10 to 14 years | 19.89% 17,390 |
| 15 to 19 years | 11.71% 10,238 |
| 20 to 24 years | 9.47% 8,278 |
| 25 to 29 years | 5.88% 5,140 |
| 30 to 34 years | 4.14% 3,623 |
| 35 to 39 years | 2.71% 2,369 |
| 40 to 44 years | 2.63% 2,301 |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.78% 678 |
| More than 50 years | 0.55% 478 |
% Percentages # Responses
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?
52,244 responses
| Australia | 17.54 2,037 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 16.98 5,447 |
| United States of America | 16.49 18,264 |
| Canada | 15.42 3,445 |
| Netherlands | 15.42 2,362 |
| Germany | 14.71 7,265 |
| France | 13.82 2,906 |
| Brazil | 12.79 2,014 |
| Poland | 12.03 2,405 |
| India | 7.79 5,361 |
Average Years Coding # Responses
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?
Years coding professionally
A majority of respondents (71%) have been working for 14 or fewer years as professional developers, and 24% have worked 15 to 29 years. This shows developers in the survey have started to skew more experienced compared to last year where 75% worked 14 or less years and 20% 15-29 years.
66,136 responses
| Less than 1 year | 2.78% 1,836 |
| 1 to 4 years | 23.3% 15,408 |
| 5 to 9 years | 26.53% 17,545 |
| 10 to 14 years | 18.07% 11,951 |
| 15 to 19 years | 10.7% 7,074 |
| 20 to 24 years | 8.22% 5,435 |
| 25 to 29 years | 4.63% 3,059 |
| 30 to 34 years | 2.79% 1,845 |
| 35 to 39 years | 1.63% 1,075 |
| 40 to 44 years | 0.9% 598 |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.31% 203 |
| More than 50 years | 0.16% 107 |
% Percentages # Responses
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?
Years of professional coding experience by developer type
Senior executives have the highest average years of professional coding experience (17.4), followed by desktop or enterprise applications developers (16.4) and educators (15.8).
66,136 responses
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | 17.43 1,247 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | 16.4 3,471 |
| Educator | 15.78 277 |
| Database administrator | 15.6 214 |
| Developer Advocate | 15.35 189 |
| Engineering manager | 15.14 1,948 |
| Product manager | 14.94 389 |
| Project manager | 14.6 463 |
| Research & Development role | 14.3 1,174 |
| Designer | 14.23 190 |
| Scientist | 12.77 282 |
| Developer Experience | 12.7 287 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | 12.69 1,603 |
| System administrator | 12.27 495 |
| Marketing or sales professional | 12.04 78 |
| DevOps specialist | 11.04 1,210 |
| Security professional | 11.03 367 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | 10.97 939 |
| Engineer, site reliability | 10.97 384 |
| Hardware Engineer | 10.92 226 |
| Developer, full-stack | 10.84 22,216 |
| Developer, back-end | 10.77 12,208 |
| Developer, game or graphics | 10.38 670 |
| Academic researcher | 10.36 874 |
| Data or business analyst | 10.02 602 |
| Engineer, data | 9.67 1,094 |
| Developer, mobile | 9.6 2,225 |
| Blockchain | 9.01 255 |
| Developer, QA or test | 8.78 483 |
| Developer, front-end | 8.03 4,104 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | 7.89 1,282 |
| Student | 2.82 28 |
Average Years Coding Professional # Responses
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?
Developer Profile
Developer roles
Few developers consider themselves to be a single developer type and instead showcase a diversity of skills.
Developer type
Full-stack, back-end, front-end, and desktop/enterprise app developers continue to account for the majority of all respondents. We asked about developer advocates for the first time this year—almost .3% classify themselves as this type of developer.
76,872 responses
| Developer, full-stack | 33.48% 25,735 |
| Developer, back-end | 17.88% 13,745 |
| Developer, front-end | 6.6% 5,071 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | 5.08% 3,904 |
| Developer, mobile | 3.38% 2,597 |
| Engineering manager | 2.64% 2,033 |
| Student | 2.6% 1,996 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | 2.4% 1,845 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | 2.07% 1,588 |
| DevOps specialist | 1.8% 1,387 |
| Academic researcher | 1.76% 1,354 |
| Research & Development role | 1.76% 1,353 |
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | 1.73% 1,332 |
| Engineer, data | 1.62% 1,248 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | 1.35% 1,036 |
| Developer, game or graphics | 1.13% 866 |
| Data or business analyst | 1.09% 837 |
| System administrator | 0.97% 743 |
| Project manager | 0.77% 589 |
| Developer, QA or test | 0.76% 586 |
| Security professional | 0.62% 474 |
| Product manager | 0.58% 446 |
| Engineer, site reliability | 0.56% 427 |
| Educator | 0.54% 415 |
| Scientist | 0.46% 351 |
| Developer Experience | 0.42% 326 |
| Blockchain | 0.42% 323 |
| Hardware Engineer | 0.37% 286 |
| Designer | 0.37% 281 |
| Database administrator | 0.33% 257 |
| Developer Advocate | 0.28% 212 |
| Marketing or sales professional | 0.19% 149 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describes your current job, the one you do most of the time? Please select only one.
Developer Profile
Key territories
Across the world, developers and technologists turn to Stack Overflow to gain and share knowledge. Our survey received responses from almost every country on Earth.
Geography
The United States and Germany provided the highest volume of survey responses (30% combined), followed by India and UKI (UK and Northern Ireland).
The top ten countries account for 60% of all respondents. Germany overtook India to move into second place this year, a reverse of 2022's placement. Australia broke into the top ten, coming in at ninth and displacing Spain this year.
52,530 responses
| United States of America | 21.21% 18,647 |
| Germany | 8.34% 7,328 |
| India | 6.4% 5,625 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 6.32% 5,552 |
| Canada | 3.99% 3,507 |
| France | 3.34% 2,933 |
| Poland | 2.77% 2,435 |
| Netherlands | 2.71% 2,383 |
| Australia | 2.36% 2,078 |
| Brazil | 2.32% 2,042 |
% Percentages # Responses
Where do you live? *
87,973 responses
| Response | Percentage | Responses |
|---|---|---|
| United States of America | 21.21% | 18,647 |
| Germany | 8.34% | 7,328 |
| India | 6.4% | 5,625 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 6.32% | 5,552 |
| Canada | 3.99% | 3,507 |
| France | 3.34% | 2,933 |
| Poland | 2.77% | 2,435 |
| Netherlands | 2.71% | 2,383 |
| Australia | 2.36% | 2,078 |
| Brazil | 2.32% | 2,042 |
| Italy | 2.09% | 1,835 |
| Spain | 2.09% | 1,834 |
| Sweden | 1.87% | 1,641 |
| Switzerland | 1.31% | 1,149 |
| Russian Federation | 1.24% | 1,094 |
| Czech Republic | 1.22% | 1,072 |
| Austria | 1.18% | 1,033 |
| Israel | 1.05% | 921 |
| Belgium | 1.01% | 888 |
| Turkey | 1% | 881 |
| Ukraine | 0.99% | 873 |
| Denmark | 0.97% | 850 |
| Romania | 0.94% | 829 |
| Portugal | 0.85% | 749 |
| Norway | 0.83% | 732 |
| Finland | 0.83% | 726 |
| New Zealand | 0.76% | 672 |
| China | 0.75% | 657 |
| Greece | 0.72% | 631 |
| Hungary | 0.69% | 607 |
| Mexico | 0.69% | 605 |
| Pakistan | 0.68% | 596 |
| Argentina | 0.66% | 579 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of... | 0.66% | 577 |
| South Africa | 0.65% | 573 |
| Indonesia | 0.56% | 493 |
| Bangladesh | 0.56% | 490 |
| Bulgaria | 0.55% | 482 |
| Colombia | 0.53% | 465 |
| Ireland | 0.53% | 464 |
| Nigeria | 0.51% | 447 |
| Serbia | 0.47% | 417 |
| Viet Nam | 0.44% | 390 |
| Japan | 0.41% | 362 |
| Philippines | 0.4% | 354 |
| Slovakia | 0.4% | 352 |
| Lithuania | 0.36% | 317 |
| Singapore | 0.34% | 298 |
| Egypt | 0.34% | 296 |
| Croatia | 0.33% | 290 |
| Slovenia | 0.31% | 271 |
| Malaysia | 0.3% | 264 |
| Chile | 0.28% | 248 |
| Kenya | 0.28% | 244 |
| Taiwan | 0.27% | 239 |
| Estonia | 0.27% | 234 |
| Sri Lanka | 0.25% | 217 |
| Thailand | 0.25% | 216 |
| Nepal | 0.24% | 212 |
| Hong Kong (S.A.R.) | 0.23% | 205 |
| South Korea | 0.23% | 204 |
| United Arab Emirates | 0.2% | 178 |
| Latvia | 0.2% | 174 |
| Georgia | 0.19% | 166 |
| Morocco | 0.16% | 145 |
| Peru | 0.16% | 141 |
| Uruguay | 0.15% | 133 |
| Belarus | 0.15% | 128 |
| Armenia | 0.13% | 114 |
| Tunisia | 0.12% | 107 |
| Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of... | 0.12% | 106 |
| Saudi Arabia | 0.12% | 104 |
| Kazakhstan | 0.1% | 91 |
| Ecuador | 0.1% | 90 |
| Ghana | 0.1% | 90 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.1% | 87 |
| Costa Rica | 0.1% | 86 |
| Ethiopia | 0.1% | 86 |
| Republic of Korea | 0.1% | 86 |
| Algeria | 0.1% | 85 |
| Cyprus | 0.1% | 84 |
| Jordan | 0.08% | 72 |
| Luxembourg | 0.08% | 72 |
| Dominican Republic | 0.08% | 71 |
| Lebanon | 0.08% | 66 |
| Afghanistan | 0.07% | 64 |
| Uzbekistan | 0.07% | 64 |
| Albania | 0.07% | 60 |
| Guatemala | 0.07% | 60 |
| Uganda | 0.07% | 60 |
| Iceland | 0.06% | 57 |
| Azerbaijan | 0.06% | 53 |
| Iraq | 0.06% | 51 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | 0.06% | 51 |
| Republic of Moldova | 0.06% | 50 |
| Malta | 0.05% | 46 |
| Bolivia | 0.05% | 42 |
| Myanmar | 0.05% | 42 |
| Paraguay | 0.05% | 42 |
| Montenegro | 0.04% | 38 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | 0.04% | 37 |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 0.04% | 36 |
| El Salvador | 0.04% | 34 |
| Zimbabwe | 0.04% | 34 |
| Cuba | 0.04% | 33 |
| Cambodia | 0.03% | 30 |
| Cameroon | 0.03% | 30 |
| Nicaragua | 0.03% | 30 |
| Mauritius | 0.03% | 28 |
| Kosovo | 0.03% | 27 |
| Rwanda | 0.03% | 27 |
| Honduras | 0.03% | 26 |
| Zambia | 0.03% | 26 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 0.03% | 25 |
| Palestine | 0.03% | 24 |
| Panama | 0.03% | 24 |
| Jamaica | 0.02% | 21 |
| Malawi | 0.02% | 21 |
| Mongolia | 0.02% | 21 |
| Madagascar | 0.02% | 20 |
| Yemen | 0.02% | 20 |
| Bahrain | 0.02% | 19 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 0.02% | 19 |
| Kuwait | 0.02% | 18 |
| Benin | 0.02% | 17 |
| Andorra | 0.02% | 16 |
| Qatar | 0.02% | 16 |
| Somalia | 0.02% | 15 |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 0.02% | 14 |
| Angola | 0.01% | 13 |
| Isle of Man | 0.01% | 13 |
| Senegal | 0.01% | 13 |
| Maldives | 0.01% | 12 |
| Oman | 0.01% | 11 |
| Swaziland | 0.01% | 11 |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 0.01% | 10 |
| Turkmenistan | 0.01% | 10 |
| Mozambique | 0.01% | 9 |
| Fiji | 0.01% | 8 |
| Sierra Leone | 0.01% | 8 |
| Sudan | 0.01% | 8 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 0.01% | 7 |
| Barbados | 0.01% | 6 |
| Botswana | 0.01% | 6 |
| Mali | 0.01% | 6 |
| Togo | 0.01% | 6 |
| Belize | 0.01% | 5 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.01% | 5 |
| Mauritania | 0.01% | 5 |
| Tajikistan | 0.01% | 5 |
| Burkina Faso | 0% | 4 |
| Haiti | 0% | 4 |
| Lesotho | 0% | 4 |
| Namibia | 0% | 4 |
| Niger | 0% | 4 |
| North Korea | 0% | 4 |
| Suriname | 0% | 4 |
| Bhutan | 0% | 3 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 0% | 3 |
| Guyana | 0% | 3 |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | 0% | 3 |
| Liberia | 0% | 3 |
| Palau | 0% | 3 |
| Bahamas | 0% | 2 |
| Burundi | 0% | 2 |
| Cape Verde | 0% | 2 |
| Congo, Republic of the... | 0% | 2 |
| Djibouti | 0% | 2 |
| Dominica | 0% | 2 |
| Gabon | 0% | 2 |
| Guinea | 0% | 2 |
| Monaco | 0% | 2 |
| Saint Lucia | 0% | 2 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0% | 2 |
| Timor-Leste | 0% | 2 |
| Central African Republic | 0% | 1 |
| Grenada | 0% | 1 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 0% | 1 |
| Liechtenstein | 0% | 1 |
| Marshall Islands | 0% | 1 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0% | 1 |
| Samoa | 0% | 1 |
| San Marino | 0% | 1 |
Where do you live? *
Developer Profile
Demographics
We reduced the number of demographic questions this year, only asking about age.
Age
43% of Professional Developers are 25-34 years old. But we see that more than half of the respondents learning to code are 18-24 years old.
89,184 responses
| Under 18 years old | 4.63% 4,128 |
| 18-24 years old | 20.11% 17,931 |
| 25-34 years old | 37.28% 33,247 |
| 35-44 years old | 23.02% 20,532 |
| 45-54 years old | 9.34% 8,334 |
| 55-64 years old | 3.8% 3,392 |
| 65 years or older | 1.31% 1,171 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.5% 449 |
% Percentages # Responses
What is your age? *
67,237 responses
| Under 18 years old | 0.63% 422 |
| 18-24 years old | 16.36% 11,002 |
| 25-34 years old | 42.9% 28,848 |
| 35-44 years old | 25.74% 17,304 |
| 45-54 years old | 9.65% 6,487 |
| 55-64 years old | 3.64% 2,449 |
| 65 years or older | 0.88% 594 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.19% 131 |
% Percentages # Responses
What is your age? *
4,961 responses
| Under 18 years old | 17.96% 891 |
| 18-24 years old | 55.09% 2,733 |
| 25-34 years old | 16.33% 810 |
| 35-44 years old | 6.33% 314 |
| 45-54 years old | 2.28% 113 |
| 55-64 years old | 0.97% 48 |
| 65 years or older | 0.24% 12 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.81% 40 |
% Percentages # Responses
What is your age? *
5,159 responses
| Under 18 years old | 18.1% 934 |
| 18-24 years old | 23.96% 1,236 |
| 25-34 years old | 22.04% 1,137 |
| 35-44 years old | 16.4% 846 |
| 45-54 years old | 10.18% 525 |
| 55-64 years old | 5.1% 263 |
| 65 years or older | 3.14% 162 |
| Prefer not to say | 1.09% 56 |
% Percentages # Responses
What is your age? *
Technology
Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and the ones they want to use.
This year, we included new questions about AI tools.
We also introduce a new way to look at the relationship between Worked With vs. Want to Work With, calling this Admired and Desired.
Technology
Most popular technologies
This year, we're comparing the popular technologies across three different groups: All respondents, Professional Developers, and those that are learning to code.
Programming, scripting, and markup languages
2023 continues JavaScript’s streak as its eleventh year in a row as the most commonly-used programming language. Python has overtaken SQL as the third most commonly-used language, but placing first for those who are not professional developers or learning to code (Other Coders).
A few technologies moved up a spot this year (Bash/Shell, C, Ruby, Perl, and Erlang) with two moving up two spots (Elixir and Lisp). The big mover, gaining seven spots since 2022 was Lua, an embeddable scripting language.
Professional developers top three technologies are the same as last year—JavaScript, HTML/CSS, and SQL.
But it’s a different picture for those learning to code. HTML/CSS and JavaScript are almost tied as the most popular languages for people learning to code. Student developers use Python more than SQL (59% vs. 37%), while professional developers report using SQL more than Python (52% vs 45%).
Compared to Professional Developers, those learning to code are more likely to report using Java (37% vs 31%), C++ (32% vs 20%), and C (32% vs 17%).
87,585 responses
| JavaScript | 63.61% 55,711 |
| HTML/CSS | 52.97% 46,396 |
| Python | 49.28% 43,158 |
| SQL | 48.66% 42,623 |
| TypeScript | 38.87% 34,041 |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 32.37% 28,351 |
| Java | 30.55% 26,757 |
| C# | 27.62% 24,193 |
| C++ | 22.42% 19,634 |
| C | 19.34% 16,940 |
| PHP | 18.58% 16,274 |
| PowerShell | 13.59% 11,902 |
| Go | 13.24% 11,592 |
| Rust | 13.05% 11,427 |
| Kotlin | 9.06% 7,935 |
| Ruby | 6.23% 5,454 |
| Lua | 6.09% 5,336 |
| Dart | 6.02% 5,273 |
| Assembly | 5.43% 4,753 |
| Swift | 4.65% 4,072 |
| R | 4.23% 3,702 |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 4.07% 3,568 |
| MATLAB | 3.81% 3,339 |
| VBA | 3.55% 3,107 |
| Groovy | 3.4% 2,976 |
| Delphi | 3.23% 2,831 |
| Scala | 2.77% 2,422 |
| Perl | 2.46% 2,151 |
| Elixir | 2.32% 2,028 |
| Objective-C | 2.31% 2,019 |
| Haskell | 2.09% 1,829 |
| GDScript | 1.71% 1,495 |
| Lisp | 1.53% 1,342 |
| Solidity | 1.33% 1,168 |
| Clojure | 1.26% 1,105 |
| Julia | 1.15% 1,010 |
| Erlang | 0.99% 868 |
| F# | 0.97% 849 |
| Fortran | 0.95% 833 |
| Prolog | 0.89% 776 |
| Zig | 0.83% 729 |
| Ada | 0.77% 677 |
| OCaml | 0.7% 614 |
| Apex | 0.66% 579 |
| Cobol | 0.66% 576 |
| SAS | 0.49% 427 |
| Crystal | 0.44% 389 |
| Nim | 0.38% 331 |
| APL | 0.26% 225 |
| Flow | 0.24% 214 |
| Raku | 0.18% 156 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
67,053 responses
| JavaScript | 65.82% 44,136 |
| HTML/CSS | 52.83% 35,426 |
| SQL | 51.52% 34,543 |
| Python | 45.32% 30,388 |
| TypeScript | 43.75% 29,334 |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 32.74% 21,956 |
| Java | 30.49% 20,444 |
| C# | 29.16% 19,555 |
| C++ | 20.21% 13,550 |
| PHP | 19.03% 12,760 |
| C | 16.66% 11,168 |
| Go | 14.32% 9,603 |
| PowerShell | 13.61% 9,126 |
| Rust | 12.21% 8,187 |
| Kotlin | 9.7% 6,501 |
| Ruby | 6.94% 4,655 |
| Dart | 6.13% 4,110 |
| Lua | 5.2% 3,485 |
| Swift | 4.96% 3,328 |
| Assembly | 4.42% 2,964 |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 3.92% 2,628 |
| Groovy | 3.87% 2,598 |
| Delphi | 3.23% 2,165 |
| Scala | 3.21% 2,152 |
| R | 3.17% 2,123 |
| MATLAB | 2.98% 1,997 |
| VBA | 2.9% 1,943 |
| Elixir | 2.63% 1,766 |
| Objective-C | 2.6% 1,745 |
| Perl | 2.34% 1,566 |
| Haskell | 1.8% 1,208 |
| Solidity | 1.4% 939 |
| Clojure | 1.38% 927 |
| Lisp | 1.33% 894 |
| GDScript | 1.31% 881 |
| Erlang | 1.09% 730 |
| F# | 1.03% 693 |
| Julia | 0.78% 523 |
| Prolog | 0.76% 511 |
| Zig | 0.7% 472 |
| Fortran | 0.69% 461 |
| Ada | 0.65% 437 |
| Apex | 0.64% 431 |
| OCaml | 0.63% 423 |
| Cobol | 0.57% 382 |
| Crystal | 0.42% 284 |
| SAS | 0.4% 268 |
| Nim | 0.32% 213 |
| Flow | 0.25% 167 |
| APL | 0.16% 106 |
| Raku | 0.14% 93 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,905 responses
| HTML/CSS | 60.73% 2,979 |
| JavaScript | 60.51% 2,968 |
| Python | 56.57% 2,775 |
| SQL | 35.29% 1,731 |
| Java | 35.17% 1,725 |
| C++ | 31.11% 1,526 |
| C | 30.58% 1,500 |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 22.14% 1,086 |
| TypeScript | 21.18% 1,039 |
| C# | 20.63% 1,012 |
| PHP | 15.27% 749 |
| Rust | 10.95% 537 |
| PowerShell | 9.87% 484 |
| Assembly | 7.77% 381 |
| Lua | 6.97% 342 |
| Kotlin | 6.67% 327 |
| Go | 6.18% 303 |
| Dart | 5.97% 293 |
| MATLAB | 5.42% 266 |
| R | 4.53% 222 |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 3.87% 190 |
| Ruby | 2.55% 125 |
| Haskell | 2.51% 123 |
| GDScript | 2.49% 122 |
| Swift | 2.47% 121 |
| VBA | 2.26% 111 |
| Prolog | 1.35% 66 |
| Lisp | 1.24% 61 |
| Solidity | 1.18% 58 |
| Ada | 1.16% 57 |
| Delphi | 1% 49 |
| Julia | 0.98% 48 |
| Elixir | 0.86% 42 |
| Fortran | 0.77% 38 |
| Objective-C | 0.77% 38 |
| Scala | 0.77% 38 |
| Zig | 0.75% 37 |
| OCaml | 0.73% 36 |
| Perl | 0.65% 32 |
| Clojure | 0.63% 31 |
| F# | 0.63% 31 |
| Cobol | 0.61% 30 |
| Groovy | 0.57% 28 |
| APL | 0.55% 27 |
| SAS | 0.55% 27 |
| Apex | 0.49% 24 |
| Erlang | 0.49% 24 |
| Nim | 0.41% 20 |
| Crystal | 0.37% 18 |
| Flow | 0.27% 13 |
| Raku | 0.16% 8 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
5,115 responses
| Python | 64.79% 3,314 |
| JavaScript | 54.45% 2,785 |
| HTML/CSS | 51.1% 2,614 |
| SQL | 40.22% 2,057 |
| Bash/Shell (all shells) | 34.47% 1,763 |
| Java | 29.97% 1,533 |
| C++ | 29.05% 1,486 |
| C | 27% 1,381 |
| C# | 23.3% 1,192 |
| TypeScript | 22.76% 1,164 |
| PHP | 17.97% 919 |
| Rust | 17.32% 886 |
| PowerShell | 14.66% 750 |
| Go | 11.16% 571 |
| Lua | 9.93% 508 |
| Assembly | 8.8% 450 |
| R | 8.6% 440 |
| Kotlin | 7.21% 369 |
| VBA | 7.1% 363 |
| MATLAB | 6.65% 340 |
| Dart | 5.81% 297 |
| Visual Basic (.Net) | 5% 256 |
| Swift | 4.2% 215 |
| Ruby | 4.07% 208 |
| Delphi | 3.77% 193 |
| Perl | 3.73% 191 |
| GDScript | 3.13% 160 |
| Haskell | 3.09% 158 |
| Julia | 2.85% 146 |
| Groovy | 2.37% 121 |
| Lisp | 2.35% 120 |
| Fortran | 2.33% 119 |
| Objective-C | 1.52% 78 |
| Scala | 1.49% 76 |
| Elixir | 1.45% 74 |
| Zig | 1.39% 71 |
| Prolog | 1.37% 70 |
| Solidity | 1.09% 56 |
| Cobol | 1% 51 |
| Ada | 0.98% 50 |
| Clojure | 0.98% 50 |
| OCaml | 0.96% 49 |
| Apex | 0.82% 42 |
| Erlang | 0.78% 40 |
| SAS | 0.76% 39 |
| F# | 0.66% 34 |
| Nim | 0.65% 33 |
| APL | 0.55% 28 |
| Crystal | 0.55% 28 |
| Raku | 0.31% 16 |
| Flow | 0.22% 11 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Databases
This year, PostgreSQL took over the first place spot from MySQL. Professional Developers are more likely than those learning to code to use PostgreSQL (50%) and those learning are more likely to use MySQL (54%).
MongoDB is used by a similar percentage of both Professional Developers and those learning to code and it’s the second most popular database for those learning to code (behind MySQL).
76,634 responses
| PostgreSQL | 45.55% 34,909 |
| MySQL | 41.09% 31,489 |
| SQLite | 30.9% 23,678 |
| MongoDB | 25.52% 19,556 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 25.45% 19,506 |
| Redis | 20.41% 15,639 |
| MariaDB | 17.61% 13,495 |
| Elasticsearch | 13.39% 10,263 |
| Oracle | 9.8% 7,507 |
| Dynamodb | 8.87% 6,798 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 6.44% 4,939 |
| Cloud Firestore | 6.4% 4,901 |
| BigQuery | 4.51% 3,456 |
| Microsoft Access | 4.25% 3,257 |
| H2 | 3.66% 2,808 |
| Cosmos DB | 3.49% 2,672 |
| Supabase | 2.77% 2,122 |
| InfluxDB | 2.73% 2,091 |
| Cassandra | 2.51% 1,927 |
| Snowflake | 2.37% 1,820 |
| Neo4J | 1.87% 1,432 |
| IBM DB2 | 1.85% 1,414 |
| Solr | 1.55% 1,189 |
| Firebird | 1.5% 1,152 |
| Couch DB | 1.16% 887 |
| Clickhouse | 1.11% 849 |
| Cockroachdb | 1.04% 795 |
| Couchbase | 0.78% 598 |
| DuckDB | 0.61% 469 |
| Datomic | 0.32% 244 |
| RavenDB | 0.3% 227 |
| TiDB | 0.2% 157 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
60,369 responses
| PostgreSQL | 49.09% 29,634 |
| MySQL | 40.59% 24,501 |
| SQLite | 30.17% 18,213 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 27.34% 16,505 |
| MongoDB | 25.66% 15,489 |
| Redis | 23.25% 14,033 |
| MariaDB | 17.69% 10,682 |
| Elasticsearch | 15.33% 9,255 |
| Dynamodb | 10.31% 6,222 |
| Oracle | 10.06% 6,072 |
| Cloud Firestore | 6.35% 3,832 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 6.34% 3,827 |
| BigQuery | 4.79% 2,892 |
| H2 | 4.23% 2,552 |
| Cosmos DB | 3.97% 2,394 |
| Microsoft Access | 3.51% 2,116 |
| InfluxDB | 2.8% 1,693 |
| Cassandra | 2.71% 1,637 |
| Supabase | 2.6% 1,571 |
| Snowflake | 2.56% 1,543 |
| Neo4J | 1.92% 1,159 |
| IBM DB2 | 1.89% 1,139 |
| Solr | 1.74% 1,053 |
| Firebird | 1.53% 922 |
| Clickhouse | 1.21% 731 |
| Couch DB | 1.2% 723 |
| Cockroachdb | 1.08% 649 |
| Couchbase | 0.82% 493 |
| DuckDB | 0.59% 355 |
| Datomic | 0.32% 196 |
| RavenDB | 0.32% 193 |
| TiDB | 0.19% 114 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
3,940 responses
| MySQL | 45.71% 1,801 |
| MongoDB | 28.15% 1,109 |
| SQLite | 26.93% 1,061 |
| PostgreSQL | 23.38% 921 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 12.41% 489 |
| MariaDB | 12.34% 486 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 8.38% 330 |
| Oracle | 6.88% 271 |
| Cloud Firestore | 6.75% 266 |
| Microsoft Access | 6.24% 246 |
| Redis | 5.15% 203 |
| Supabase | 3.15% 124 |
| BigQuery | 2.36% 93 |
| Elasticsearch | 1.62% 64 |
| H2 | 1.55% 61 |
| Neo4J | 1.42% 56 |
| Dynamodb | 1.19% 47 |
| Cassandra | 0.99% 39 |
| Firebird | 0.96% 38 |
| Cosmos DB | 0.84% 33 |
| InfluxDB | 0.84% 33 |
| Cockroachdb | 0.71% 28 |
| IBM DB2 | 0.61% 24 |
| Couch DB | 0.58% 23 |
| Snowflake | 0.53% 21 |
| Clickhouse | 0.43% 17 |
| Datomic | 0.43% 17 |
| Solr | 0.43% 17 |
| Couchbase | 0.36% 14 |
| DuckDB | 0.3% 12 |
| TiDB | 0.28% 11 |
| RavenDB | 0.23% 9 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,009 responses
| MySQL | 42.53% 1,705 |
| SQLite | 35.64% 1,429 |
| PostgreSQL | 35.42% 1,420 |
| MongoDB | 23.02% 923 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 19.43% 779 |
| MariaDB | 19.16% 768 |
| Redis | 11.6% 465 |
| Oracle | 9.25% 371 |
| Elasticsearch | 7.71% 309 |
| Microsoft Access | 7.26% 291 |
| Cloud Firestore | 6.39% 256 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 6.24% 250 |
| Dynamodb | 4.79% 192 |
| BigQuery | 3.62% 145 |
| Supabase | 3.39% 136 |
| InfluxDB | 3.32% 133 |
| IBM DB2 | 2.17% 87 |
| Cosmos DB | 2.1% 84 |
| Snowflake | 2.1% 84 |
| Cassandra | 1.97% 79 |
| H2 | 1.77% 71 |
| Neo4J | 1.62% 65 |
| Firebird | 1.6% 64 |
| Couch DB | 1.27% 51 |
| Cockroachdb | 1.02% 41 |
| Solr | 1.02% 41 |
| Clickhouse | 0.85% 34 |
| Couchbase | 0.82% 33 |
| DuckDB | 0.75% 30 |
| TiDB | 0.32% 13 |
| Datomic | 0.27% 11 |
| RavenDB | 0.27% 11 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Cloud platforms
AWS remains the most used cloud platform for all respondents. AWS handily makes it to the top spot, almost doubling the percentange of the second most used cloud platform for all respondents, Azure.
People learning to code are using AWS (19%) at parity with two other cloud platforms (19% Google Cloud and 19% Firebase) but use Azure much less than all respondents (11% vs. 26%). Interestingly, Heroku was the most used cloud platform last year by those learning to code but it dropped to fifth most used this year.
You can see the inroads that Azure has with organizations—almost three times as many professional developers are using Azure compared to people who are learning to code (28% vs. 11%).
69,549 responses
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 48.62% 33,818 |
| Microsoft Azure | 26.03% 18,105 |
| Google Cloud | 23.86% 16,592 |
| Firebase | 15.47% 10,761 |
| Cloudflare | 15.24% 10,599 |
| Digital Ocean | 13.37% 9,299 |
| Heroku | 12.02% 8,358 |
| Vercel | 10.68% 7,431 |
| Netlify | 8.95% 6,228 |
| VMware | 7.14% 4,964 |
| Hetzner | 4.41% 3,069 |
| Linode, now Akamai | 3.96% 2,755 |
| Managed Hosting | 3.42% 2,379 |
| OVH | 3.42% 2,378 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 2.6% 1,810 |
| OpenShift | 2.4% 1,671 |
| Fly.io | 2.37% 1,649 |
| Vultr | 1.95% 1,357 |
| Render | 1.85% 1,287 |
| OpenStack | 1.55% 1,076 |
| IBM Cloud Or Watson | 1.15% 801 |
| Scaleway | 0.9% 628 |
| Colocation | 0.71% 497 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
55,540 responses
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 53.08% 29,479 |
| Microsoft Azure | 27.8% 15,441 |
| Google Cloud | 23.95% 13,304 |
| Firebase | 15.39% 8,550 |
| Cloudflare | 14.99% 8,326 |
| Digital Ocean | 14.11% 7,838 |
| Heroku | 11.77% 6,535 |
| Vercel | 10.31% 5,727 |
| Netlify | 8.48% 4,708 |
| VMware | 6.45% 3,584 |
| Hetzner | 4.44% 2,465 |
| Linode, now Akamai | 3.79% 2,104 |
| OVH | 3.44% 1,912 |
| Managed Hosting | 3.4% 1,889 |
| OpenShift | 2.58% 1,432 |
| Fly.io | 2.42% 1,342 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 2.06% 1,146 |
| Vultr | 1.84% 1,021 |
| Render | 1.66% 920 |
| OpenStack | 1.44% 802 |
| IBM Cloud Or Watson | 1.03% 571 |
| Scaleway | 0.94% 520 |
| Colocation | 0.69% 385 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
3,366 responses
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 19.43% 654 |
| Google Cloud | 19.37% 652 |
| Firebase | 18.66% 628 |
| Netlify | 14.8% 498 |
| Heroku | 14.62% 492 |
| Vercel | 14.47% 487 |
| Cloudflare | 12.48% 420 |
| Microsoft Azure | 10.99% 370 |
| VMware | 7.78% 262 |
| Digital Ocean | 7.34% 247 |
| Render | 3.92% 132 |
| Linode, now Akamai | 3.71% 125 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 3.65% 123 |
| OVH | 2.26% 76 |
| Fly.io | 2.14% 72 |
| Hetzner | 1.99% 67 |
| Managed Hosting | 1.87% 63 |
| Vultr | 1.63% 55 |
| IBM Cloud Or Watson | 1.57% 53 |
| OpenStack | 1.57% 53 |
| OpenShift | 0.65% 22 |
| Colocation | 0.59% 20 |
| Scaleway | 0.51% 17 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
3,450 responses
| Amazon Web Services (AWS) | 34.35% 1,185 |
| Google Cloud | 25.1% 866 |
| Microsoft Azure | 20.7% 714 |
| Cloudflare | 18% 621 |
| Firebase | 14.09% 486 |
| Heroku | 12.12% 418 |
| VMware | 11.48% 396 |
| Digital Ocean | 11.39% 393 |
| Vercel | 11.36% 392 |
| Netlify | 9.57% 330 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) | 5.51% 190 |
| Hetzner | 5.33% 184 |
| Linode, now Akamai | 4.84% 167 |
| Managed Hosting | 3.97% 137 |
| OVH | 3.65% 126 |
| Vultr | 2.72% 94 |
| Fly.io | 2.29% 79 |
| OpenStack | 2.26% 78 |
| IBM Cloud Or Watson | 2.03% 70 |
| Render | 2% 69 |
| OpenShift | 1.91% 66 |
| Scaleway | 0.9% 31 |
| Colocation | 0.87% 30 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Web frameworks and technologies
Node.js and React.js are the two most common web technologies used by all respondents.
Professional Developers use both fairly equally and those learning to code use Node.js more than React (52% vs. 48%). jQuery and Express are the next two popular web technologies for all respondents, and jQuery is used more by Professional Developers than those learning to code (24% vs 18%), whereas Express is used more by those learning than professionals (25% vs. 20%).
Next.js moved from 11th place in 2022 to 6th this year, likely driven by its popularity with those learning to code.
71,802 responses
| Node.js | 42.65% 30,626 |
| React | 40.58% 29,137 |
| jQuery | 21.98% 15,784 |
| Express | 19.28% 13,843 |
| Angular | 17.46% 12,537 |
| Next.js | 16.67% 11,972 |
| ASP.NET CORE | 16.57% 11,896 |
| Vue.js | 16.38% 11,758 |
| WordPress | 13.38% 9,604 |
| ASP.NET | 12.79% 9,185 |
| Flask | 12.16% 8,734 |
| Spring Boot | 11.95% 8,583 |
| Django | 11.47% 8,238 |
| Laravel | 7.58% 5,440 |
| FastAPI | 7.42% 5,325 |
| AngularJS | 7.21% 5,176 |
| Svelte | 6.62% 4,753 |
| Ruby on Rails | 5.49% 3,940 |
| NestJS | 5.13% 3,681 |
| Blazor | 4.88% 3,501 |
| Nuxt.js | 3.69% 2,652 |
| Symfony | 3.2% 2,301 |
| Deno | 2.36% 1,697 |
| Gatsby | 2.33% 1,675 |
| Fastify | 2.05% 1,474 |
| Phoenix | 2.04% 1,468 |
| Drupal | 1.87% 1,343 |
| CodeIgniter | 1.72% 1,238 |
| Solid.js | 1.36% 979 |
| Remix | 1.27% 912 |
| Elm | 0.81% 580 |
| Play Framework | 0.76% 545 |
| Lit | 0.68% 490 |
| Qwik | 0.54% 389 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
56,742 responses
| React | 42.87% 24,325 |
| Node.js | 42.73% 24,248 |
| jQuery | 22.87% 12,979 |
| Angular | 19.89% 11,287 |
| Express | 19.51% 11,069 |
| ASP.NET CORE | 18.86% 10,700 |
| Vue.js | 17.64% 10,011 |
| Next.js | 17.3% 9,818 |
| ASP.NET | 14.16% 8,033 |
| Spring Boot | 13.54% 7,681 |
| WordPress | 12.59% 7,145 |
| Flask | 11.21% 6,358 |
| Django | 10.88% 6,175 |
| Laravel | 8.32% 4,720 |
| AngularJS | 7.96% 4,515 |
| FastAPI | 7.67% 4,353 |
| Ruby on Rails | 6.15% 3,488 |
| Svelte | 6.01% 3,411 |
| NestJS | 5.81% 3,297 |
| Blazor | 5.41% 3,072 |
| Nuxt.js | 3.89% 2,207 |
| Symfony | 3.67% 2,083 |
| Gatsby | 2.54% 1,444 |
| Phoenix | 2.3% 1,304 |
| Fastify | 2.22% 1,259 |
| Deno | 2.2% 1,248 |
| CodeIgniter | 1.85% 1,051 |
| Drupal | 1.85% 1,050 |
| Remix | 1.37% 775 |
| Solid.js | 1.25% 708 |
| Play Framework | 0.84% 477 |
| Elm | 0.81% 457 |
| Lit | 0.74% 418 |
| Qwik | 0.49% 280 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
3,942 responses
| Node.js | 42.44% 1,673 |
| React | 36.66% 1,445 |
| Express | 20.8% 820 |
| jQuery | 15.4% 607 |
| Next.js | 15.12% 596 |
| Django | 13.52% 533 |
| WordPress | 13.27% 523 |
| Flask | 11.95% 471 |
| Vue.js | 9.69% 382 |
| ASP.NET CORE | 7.2% 284 |
| Angular | 7.15% 282 |
| Spring Boot | 6.82% 269 |
| ASP.NET | 6.47% 255 |
| Svelte | 6.42% 253 |
| Laravel | 5.33% 210 |
| FastAPI | 4.67% 184 |
| AngularJS | 3.45% 136 |
| Blazor | 2.56% 101 |
| NestJS | 2.38% 94 |
| Nuxt.js | 2.05% 81 |
| Ruby on Rails | 1.8% 71 |
| Deno | 1.75% 69 |
| Solid.js | 1.62% 64 |
| CodeIgniter | 1.27% 50 |
| Symfony | 1.17% 46 |
| Drupal | 1.01% 40 |
| Gatsby | 0.96% 38 |
| Fastify | 0.89% 35 |
| Phoenix | 0.81% 32 |
| Remix | 0.76% 30 |
| Qwik | 0.68% 27 |
| Elm | 0.53% 21 |
| Play Framework | 0.48% 19 |
| Lit | 0.43% 17 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
3,601 responses
| Node.js | 42.07% 1,515 |
| React | 30.13% 1,085 |
| jQuery | 19.74% 711 |
| Express | 17.5% 630 |
| Flask | 17.27% 622 |
| WordPress | 17% 612 |
| Django | 14.11% 508 |
| Next.js | 13.64% 491 |
| Vue.js | 12.61% 454 |
| Svelte | 9.8% 353 |
| Angular | 8.28% 298 |
| ASP.NET CORE | 7.75% 279 |
| ASP.NET | 7.5% 270 |
| FastAPI | 6.89% 248 |
| Spring Boot | 6% 216 |
| Laravel | 4.67% 168 |
| AngularJS | 3.94% 142 |
| Deno | 3.55% 128 |
| Ruby on Rails | 3.42% 123 |
| Nuxt.js | 3.17% 114 |
| Blazor | 2.89% 104 |
| NestJS | 2.5% 90 |
| Drupal | 2.11% 76 |
| Solid.js | 1.97% 71 |
| Gatsby | 1.83% 66 |
| Fastify | 1.75% 63 |
| Symfony | 1.69% 61 |
| CodeIgniter | 1.31% 47 |
| Remix | 1.03% 37 |
| Phoenix | 0.89% 32 |
| Elm | 0.69% 25 |
| Qwik | 0.64% 23 |
| Lit | 0.33% 12 |
| Play Framework | 0.33% 12 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Other frameworks and libraries
This year we disaggregated .NET to be more specific, and specifically .NET (5+) is top of the list again this year for other frameworks and libraries. Those learning to code are using NumPy and Pandas more than .NET (5+).
We added a few new options this year as well, and see RabbitMQ is fairly popular with professionals (14%). Python-compatible libraries continue the trend of scoring higher in this category amongst those learning to code, like last year, but interspersed amongst old favorites and new options, we see Opencv and OpenGL rise up into the top 10 list (13% and 11% respectively).
67,231 responses
| .NET (5+) | 25.29% 17,005 |
| NumPy | 20.25% 13,614 |
| Pandas | 18.97% 12,756 |
| .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8) | 17.03% 11,452 |
| Spring Framework | 11.1% 7,460 |
| RabbitMQ | 10.33% 6,942 |
| TensorFlow | 9.53% 6,405 |
| Scikit-Learn | 9.43% 6,339 |
| Flutter | 9.12% 6,132 |
| Apache Kafka | 8.9% 5,984 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 8.75% 5,884 |
| React Native | 8.43% 5,667 |
| Opencv | 8.11% 5,455 |
| Electron | 6.97% 4,685 |
| OpenGL | 6.94% 4,664 |
| Qt | 6.55% 4,401 |
| CUDA | 4.52% 3,042 |
| Keras | 4.22% 2,839 |
| Apache Spark | 4.09% 2,748 |
| SwiftUI | 3.93% 2,643 |
| Xamarin | 3.32% 2,233 |
| Ionic | 2.9% 1,948 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 2.75% 1,852 |
| GTK | 2.51% 1,690 |
| Cordova | 2.4% 1,616 |
| .NET MAUI | 2.34% 1,573 |
| Hadoop | 2.29% 1,539 |
| Tauri | 2.25% 1,516 |
| Capacitor | 1.68% 1,127 |
| Tidyverse | 1.55% 1,045 |
| Quarkus | 1.13% 763 |
| Ktor | 1.1% 740 |
| MFC | 1% 671 |
| JAX | 0.95% 641 |
| Micronaut | 0.66% 441 |
| Uno Platform | 0.53% 357 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
52,046 responses
| .NET (5+) | 27.11% 14,112 |
| .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8) | 18.69% 9,729 |
| NumPy | 17.59% 9,154 |
| Pandas | 17.19% 8,949 |
| Spring Framework | 12.89% 6,711 |
| RabbitMQ | 12.22% 6,361 |
| Apache Kafka | 10.37% 5,395 |
| Flutter | 9.21% 4,794 |
| React Native | 9.14% 4,758 |
| TensorFlow | 8.41% 4,379 |
| Scikit-Learn | 8.37% 4,358 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 7.89% 4,108 |
| Opencv | 7.29% 3,794 |
| Electron | 6.82% 3,549 |
| OpenGL | 5.94% 3,092 |
| Qt | 5.82% 3,028 |
| Apache Spark | 4.39% 2,285 |
| CUDA | 4.17% 2,168 |
| SwiftUI | 4.06% 2,111 |
| Keras | 3.77% 1,961 |
| Xamarin | 3.61% 1,880 |
| Ionic | 3.33% 1,734 |
| Cordova | 2.74% 1,427 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 2.66% 1,386 |
| .NET MAUI | 2.46% 1,278 |
| Hadoop | 2.36% 1,226 |
| Tauri | 1.95% 1,014 |
| GTK | 1.93% 1,005 |
| Capacitor | 1.91% 992 |
| Quarkus | 1.32% 689 |
| Ktor | 1.16% 605 |
| MFC | 1.09% 569 |
| Tidyverse | 0.99% 515 |
| JAX | 0.94% 488 |
| Micronaut | 0.71% 371 |
| Uno Platform | 0.5% 258 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
3,482 responses
| NumPy | 22.8% 794 |
| Pandas | 18.75% 653 |
| .NET (5+) | 17.2% 599 |
| TensorFlow | 11.06% 385 |
| Flutter | 10.37% 361 |
| Scikit-Learn | 9.82% 342 |
| .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8) | 9.71% 338 |
| Opencv | 8.87% 309 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 8.24% 287 |
| OpenGL | 7.61% 265 |
| Qt | 6.78% 236 |
| React Native | 6.66% 232 |
| Spring Framework | 5.46% 190 |
| Electron | 5.4% 188 |
| Keras | 4.48% 156 |
| CUDA | 3.82% 133 |
| SwiftUI | 2.84% 99 |
| GTK | 2.81% 98 |
| Tauri | 2.58% 90 |
| .NET MAUI | 2.27% 79 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 1.98% 69 |
| Xamarin | 1.98% 69 |
| Apache Spark | 1.78% 62 |
| RabbitMQ | 1.69% 59 |
| Tidyverse | 1.58% 55 |
| Apache Kafka | 1.55% 54 |
| Ionic | 1.44% 50 |
| Hadoop | 1.35% 47 |
| Cordova | 1.26% 44 |
| Capacitor | 1.03% 36 |
| Ktor | 0.83% 29 |
| Uno Platform | 0.83% 29 |
| JAX | 0.66% 23 |
| MFC | 0.49% 17 |
| Micronaut | 0.43% 15 |
| Quarkus | 0.4% 14 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
3,843 responses
| NumPy | 31.25% 1,201 |
| Pandas | 27.24% 1,047 |
| .NET (5+) | 19.54% 751 |
| TensorFlow | 14.47% 556 |
| Scikit-Learn | 13.69% 526 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 12.78% 491 |
| OpenGL | 11.68% 449 |
| Opencv | 11.61% 446 |
| .NET Framework (1.0 - 4.8) | 11.24% 432 |
| Qt | 9.65% 371 |
| Electron | 9.13% 351 |
| Flutter | 8.93% 343 |
| CUDA | 6.51% 250 |
| Keras | 6.14% 236 |
| React Native | 5.41% 208 |
| GTK | 5.02% 193 |
| Spring Framework | 4.81% 185 |
| RabbitMQ | 4.63% 178 |
| Apache Kafka | 4.27% 164 |
| Tidyverse | 4.09% 157 |
| Tauri | 3.8% 146 |
| SwiftUI | 3.75% 144 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 3.49% 134 |
| Apache Spark | 3.12% 120 |
| Hadoop | 2.39% 92 |
| Xamarin | 2.21% 85 |
| .NET MAUI | 1.64% 63 |
| Ionic | 1.14% 44 |
| Cordova | 1.07% 41 |
| Ktor | 0.83% 32 |
| Capacitor | 0.75% 29 |
| JAX | 0.75% 29 |
| MFC | 0.7% 27 |
| Uno Platform | 0.57% 22 |
| Quarkus | 0.47% 18 |
| Micronaut | 0.39% 15 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Other tools
This year, Docker is the top-used other tool amongst all respondents (53%) rising from its second place spot last year.
People learning to code are more likely to be using npm or Pip than Docker (50% and 37% respectively vs. 26%). Both are used alongside languages that are popular with students (JavaScript and Python respectively).
80,249 responses
| Docker | 51.55% 41,369 |
| npm | 49.36% 39,609 |
| Pip | 29.01% 23,281 |
| Homebrew | 21.99% 17,647 |
| Yarn | 21.86% 17,545 |
| Webpack | 20.77% 16,665 |
| Make | 20.14% 16,161 |
| Kubernetes | 19.02% 15,260 |
| NuGet | 15.25% 12,235 |
| Maven (build tool) | 15.09% 12,109 |
| Gradle | 14.9% 11,961 |
| Vite | 14.71% 11,807 |
| Visual Studio Solution | 14.64% 11,751 |
| CMake | 14.34% 11,506 |
| Cargo | 12.97% 10,409 |
| GNU GCC | 12.51% 10,038 |
| Terraform | 11.3% 9,068 |
| MSBuild | 10.62% 8,520 |
| Ansible | 8.62% 6,921 |
| Chocolatey | 8.11% 6,509 |
| Composer | 7.81% 6,266 |
| LLVM's Clang | 7.43% 5,959 |
| APT | 7.2% 5,780 |
| Unity 3D | 6.93% 5,561 |
| Pacman | 6.58% 5,280 |
| pnpm | 6.28% 5,036 |
| MSVC | 4.57% 3,666 |
| Podman | 3.9% 3,129 |
| Ninja | 3.65% 2,928 |
| Unreal Engine | 3.09% 2,482 |
| Godot | 3.09% 2,478 |
| Ant | 2.95% 2,371 |
| Google Test | 2.67% 2,146 |
| Nix | 2.05% 1,647 |
| Meson | 1.31% 1,052 |
| QMake | 1.22% 983 |
| Puppet | 1.12% 900 |
| Dagger | 1.08% 866 |
| Chef | 0.94% 758 |
| Catch2 | 0.83% 663 |
| Pulumi | 0.82% 659 |
| Bun | 0.77% 620 |
| Wasmer | 0.54% 431 |
| doctest | 0.49% 393 |
| SCons | 0.47% 378 |
| bandit | 0.45% 362 |
| cppunit | 0.43% 346 |
| Boost.Test | 0.43% 342 |
| build2 | 0.2% 159 |
| tunit | 0.09% 69 |
| lest | 0.07% 55 |
| snitch | 0.07% 55 |
| CUTE | 0.07% 54 |
| ELFspy | 0.06% 51 |
| liblittletest | 0.05% 37 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which developer tools for compiling, building and testing have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
62,772 responses
| Docker | 56.61% 35,538 |
| npm | 51.98% 32,630 |
| Pip | 26.94% 16,913 |
| Yarn | 24.48% 15,367 |
| Homebrew | 24.33% 15,271 |
| Webpack | 23.65% 14,845 |
| Kubernetes | 21.67% 13,600 |
| Make | 19.97% 12,537 |
| NuGet | 17.17% 10,777 |
| Maven (build tool) | 16.24% 10,196 |
| Gradle | 15.59% 9,784 |
| Vite | 15.08% 9,463 |
| Visual Studio Solution | 14.75% 9,262 |
| CMake | 13.3% 8,346 |
| Terraform | 12.82% 8,045 |
| MSBuild | 12.1% 7,596 |
| Cargo | 11.77% 7,389 |
| GNU GCC | 10.34% 6,490 |
| Ansible | 8.98% 5,640 |
| Composer | 8.73% 5,482 |
| Chocolatey | 8% 5,024 |
| LLVM's Clang | 6.83% 4,286 |
| APT | 6.67% 4,185 |
| pnpm | 6.49% 4,075 |
| Unity 3D | 5.63% 3,533 |
| Pacman | 5.41% 3,394 |
| MSVC | 4.36% 2,735 |
| Podman | 4.04% 2,535 |
| Ninja | 3.52% 2,208 |
| Ant | 3.16% 1,982 |
| Google Test | 2.87% 1,802 |
| Unreal Engine | 2.53% 1,591 |
| Godot | 2.49% 1,560 |
| Nix | 1.95% 1,224 |
| Dagger | 1.25% 784 |
| QMake | 1.15% 723 |
| Meson | 1.09% 687 |
| Puppet | 1.09% 686 |
| Chef | 0.96% 601 |
| Pulumi | 0.91% 573 |
| Catch2 | 0.87% 549 |
| Bun | 0.71% 447 |
| Wasmer | 0.53% 332 |
| SCons | 0.46% 290 |
| doctest | 0.46% 288 |
| bandit | 0.45% 284 |
| cppunit | 0.44% 276 |
| Boost.Test | 0.4% 249 |
| build2 | 0.16% 101 |
| tunit | 0.07% 41 |
| snitch | 0.06% 35 |
| lest | 0.05% 31 |
| CUTE | 0.05% 29 |
| ELFspy | 0.04% 25 |
| liblittletest | 0.03% 19 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which developer tools for compiling, building and testing have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,068 responses
| npm | 44.22% 1,799 |
| Pip | 32.62% 1,327 |