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Overview
The questions we ask in our annual survey help us improve the Stack Overflow community and the platform that serves them.
The challenge and opportunity for us is to continue expanding and improving our ability to help all developers and to make them feel welcome in our community.
Read on for more great insights about the attitudes, tools, and environments that are shaping the art and practice of software today.
Developer Profile
Learning to code
Learning to code online increased from 60% to 70% year over year.
Respondents older than 45 years are most likely to have learned from books, while younger ones are learning online. Younger (under 18) respondents rely most on online resources and are most likely to have learned from online courses or certifications.
Technology
Most popular technologies
Last year we saw Git as a fundamental tool to being a developer. This year it appears that Docker is becoming a similar fundamental tool for Professional Developers, increasing from 55% to 69%.
People learning to code are more likely to be using 3D tools than Professional Developers - Unity 3D (23% vs 8%) and Unreal Engine (9% vs 3%) - teaching themselves skills for 3D VR and AR.
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted
Rust is on its seventh year as the most loved language with 87% of developers saying they want to continue using it.
Rust also ties with Python as the most wanted technology with TypeScript running a close second.
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted
Phoenix overtakes Svelte’s spot as the most loved web framework.
Angular.js is in its third year as the most dreaded. React.js completes its fifth year as most wanted.
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted
Docker and Kubernetes are in first and second place as the most loved and wanted tools.
The desire to start using Docker does not appear to be slowing down as Docker increased from 30% last to 37% this year for wanted.
Technology
Top paying technologies
Clojure remains the highest-paid language to know. Chef developers are the highest paid but Chef is also the most dreaded other tool.
Big-data and data streaming skills are well compensated with Apache Spark, Apache Kafka, and Hadoop all in the top three other frameworks and libraries.
Additionally, developers that have colocation experience are paid more than their cloud-only counterparts.
Work
Employment
Full-time employment went up by 4 percentage points for all respondents. Professional Developers that are “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” have grown significantly in the last year (up by 5 percentage points).
In 2022 this question was changed to multi-select.
Work
Employment
85% of developers say their organizations are at least partially remote.
Smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with 20% of 2-19 employee organizations in-person.
The largest organizations, with 10k+ employees, are most likely to be hybrid.
Professional Developers
Productivity impacts
62% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems.
25% spending more than an hour each day. Regardless of being an independent contributor or people manager, this is time that could be spent learning or building.
For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent searching for answers/solutions adds up to between 333-651 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.
Developer Profile
What we know about the global community of developers
Developer Profile
Education
Most developers (87%) have a post-secondary education, having some college or more.
Educational attainment
38% of those learning to code already have a degree, learning doesn’t have to stop after you graduate.
70% of all respondents and 80% of Professional Developers have completed some form of higher education, a bachelor’s degree being the most common.
73,268 responses
| Primary/elementary school | 2.46% 1,806 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 10.79% 7,904 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 12.73% 9,326 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.05% 2,236 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 41.32% 30,276 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 21.14% 15,486 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) | 1.53% 1,121 |
| Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) | 2.96% 2,169 |
| Something else | 1.7% 1,247 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
53,507 responses
| Primary/elementary school | 0.77% 413 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 6.28% 3,360 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 12.41% 6,638 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.21% 1,715 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 47.9% 25,630 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 23.95% 12,817 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) | 1.62% 868 |
| Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) | 2.47% 1,320 |
| Something else | 1.23% 658 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
6,309 responses
| Primary/elementary school | 7.01% 442 |
| Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) | 31.78% 2,005 |
| Some college/university study without earning a degree | 19.42% 1,225 |
| Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) | 3.69% 233 |
| Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) | 27.26% 1,720 |
| Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) | 5.75% 363 |
| Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) | 1.09% 69 |
| Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) | 0.49% 31 |
| Something else | 2.96% 187 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
Developer Profile
Learning to code
We see that learning how to code is a very unique experience, with people using a variety of tools and resources to build their skills.
Learning how to code
Learning to code online increased from 60% to 70% year over year.
Respondents older than 45 years are most likely to have learned from books, while younger ones are learning online. Younger (under 18) respondents rely most on online resources and are most likely to have learned from online courses or certifications.
71,580 responses
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 70.91% 50,756 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 62.18% 44,506 |
| Books / Physical media | 54.48% 38,994 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 46.63% 33,379 |
| On the job training | 39.85% 28,523 |
| Colleague | 18.42% 13,188 |
| Friend or family member | 13.95% 9,987 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 10.8% 7,731 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 7.36% 5,269 |
% Percentages # Responses
How did you learn to code? Select all that apply.
69,809 responses
| Under 18 years old | |
|---|---|
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 84.95% 3,211 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 30.74% 1,162 |
| Books / Physical media | 37.06% 1,401 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 43.04% 1,627 |
| On the job training | 4.39% 166 |
| Colleague | 2.91% 110 |
| Friend or family member | 20.98% 793 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 10.53% 398 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 6.64% 251 |
| 18-24 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 78.62% 12,983 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 65.47% 10,811 |
| Books / Physical media | 39.71% 6,557 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 50.87% 8,400 |
| On the job training | 28.44% 4,697 |
| Colleague | 14.13% 2,334 |
| Friend or family member | 15.23% 2,515 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 12.64% 2,087 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 9.96% 1,644 |
| 25-34 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 71.39% 19,935 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 66.2% 18,486 |
| Books / Physical media | 50.9% 14,215 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 49.55% 13,837 |
| On the job training | 45.72% 12,767 |
| Colleague | 21.24% 5,932 |
| Friend or family member | 12.78% 3,568 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 11.8% 3,296 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 8.24% 2,301 |
| 35-44 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 66.93% 9,298 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 62.88% 8,735 |
| Books / Physical media | 69.98% 9,722 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 43.69% 6,070 |
| On the job training | 47.21% 6,558 |
| Colleague | 22.21% 3,086 |
| Friend or family member | 14.99% 2,083 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 8.79% 1,221 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 5.13% 713 |
| 45-54 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 61.1% 3,188 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 60.46% 3,155 |
| Books / Physical media | 84.29% 4,398 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 40.25% 2,100 |
| On the job training | 50.54% 2,637 |
| Colleague | 20.76% 1,083 |
| Friend or family member | 12.61% 658 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 7.9% 412 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 3.55% 185 |
| 55-64 years old | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 52.73% 1,024 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 63.65% 1,236 |
| Books / Physical media | 83.63% 1,624 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 34.19% 664 |
| On the job training | 53.45% 1,038 |
| Colleague | 18.9% 367 |
| Friend or family member | 7.16% 139 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 6.95% 135 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 2.37% 46 |
| 65 years or older | |
| Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) | 48.23% 259 |
| School (i.e., University, College, etc) | 58.85% 316 |
| Books / Physical media | 80.26% 431 |
| Online Courses or Certification | 28.31% 152 |
| On the job training | 53.26% 286 |
| Colleague | 17.69% 95 |
| Friend or family member | 4.66% 25 |
| Coding Bootcamp | 6.15% 33 |
| Hackathons (virtual or in-person) | 2.61% 14 |
% Percentages # Responses
How did you learn to code? Select all that apply.
Online resources to learn how to code
The most relied upon online resources for people to learn how to code are technical documentation and Stack Overflow. This shows how important it is for companies to have well-written documentation available and an active community providing answers on Stack Overflow.
It’s also interesting that we see such variety in the way that people teach themselves how to code. Written material, a variety of video formats, books, courses - there’s no one size fits all approach to learning how to code. Everyone can piece together the resources and formats that work best for their learning style.
50,685 responses
| Technical documentation | 88.13% 44,669 |
| Stack Overflow | 86.14% 43,658 |
| Blogs | 75.35% 38,192 |
| How-to videos | 59.92% 30,371 |
| Written Tutorials | 58.08% 29,436 |
| Video-based Online Courses | 51.42% 26,064 |
| Online books | 43.87% 22,238 |
| Online forum | 40.34% 20,446 |
| Written-based Online Courses | 34.38% 17,424 |
| Coding sessions (live or recorded) | 28.86% 14,626 |
| Interactive tutorial | 26.21% 13,287 |
| Online challenges (e.g., daily or weekly coding challenges) | 25.1% 12,723 |
| Certification videos | 14.88% 7,541 |
| Programming Games | 13.32% 6,752 |
| Auditory material (e.g., podcasts) | 7.21% 3,652 |
% Percentages # Responses
What online resources do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.
Online course platforms to learn how to code
Udemy leads as the most popular online course or certification program for learning how to code. This may be popular for the same reasons we saw above - people can purchase the individual courses they want, creating their own learning path.
29,389 responses
| Udemy | 66.49% 19,540 |
| Coursera | 34.91% 10,261 |
| Codecademy | 26.24% 7,712 |
| Pluralsight | 22.44% 6,594 |
| Other | 22.21% 6,528 |
| edX | 15.62% 4,590 |
| Udacity | 13.59% 3,995 |
| Skillsoft | 1.88% 553 |
% Percentages # Responses
What online courses or certifications do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.
Developer Profile
Experience
The majority of developers in their early to mid-career stage.
Years coding
Similar to last year 50% of respondents have been coding for ten years or less.
The United States and United Kingdom respondents are the most experienced respondents, with an average of 15 and a half years of experience coding.
71,331 responses
| Less than 1 year | 1.98% 1,413 |
| 1 to 4 years | 18.95% 13,519 |
| 5 to 9 years | 29.28% 20,889 |
| 10 to 14 years | 18.88% 13,466 |
| 15 to 19 years | 10.04% 7,161 |
| 20 to 24 years | 8.01% 5,714 |
| 25 to 29 years | 4.47% 3,189 |
| 30 to 34 years | 3.28% 2,341 |
| 35 to 39 years | 2.39% 1,702 |
| 40 to 44 years | 1.9% 1,355 |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.48% 342 |
| More than 50 years | 0.34% 240 |
% Percentages # Responses
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?
41,279 responses
| United States of America | 15.58 13,227 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 15.55 4,117 |
| Canada | 14.32 2,433 |
| Netherlands | 14.06 1,537 |
| Germany | 13.57 5,339 |
| Spain | 13.11 1,502 |
| France | 12.3 2,291 |
| Brazil | 11.55 2,046 |
| Poland | 11.01 1,703 |
| India | 7.29 6,254 |
Average Years Coding # Responses
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?
Years coding professionally
A majority of respondents (75%) have been working for 14 or fewer years as a professional developer, meaning they’ve never worked in a world without Stack Overflow.
51,833 responses
| Less than 1 year | 3.8% 1,972 |
| 1 to 4 years | 28.43% 14,734 |
| 5 to 9 years | 27.45% 14,230 |
| 10 to 14 years | 16.16% 8,375 |
| 15 to 19 years | 8.94% 4,633 |
| 20 to 24 years | 7.24% 3,751 |
| 25 to 29 years | 3.59% 1,863 |
| 30 to 34 years | 2.21% 1,147 |
| 35 to 39 years | 1.2% 624 |
| 40 to 44 years | 0.66% 341 |
| 45 to 49 years | 0.21% 108 |
| More than 50 years | 0.11% 55 |
% Percentages # Responses
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?
Years of professional coding experience by developer type
Years of professional coding experience by developer type
51,833 responses
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | 17.04 1,645 |
| Engineering manager | 14.5 3,372 |
| Product manager | 14.42 2,221 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | 13.75 8,276 |
| Designer | 13.71 2,889 |
| Project manager | 13.66 3,401 |
| Database administrator | 13.62 4,255 |
| Security professional | 13.53 1,594 |
| Marketing or sales professional | 13.34 337 |
| Educator | 13.12 1,596 |
| System administrator | 13.02 4,059 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | 12.86 3,275 |
| Data or business analyst | 12.77 2,637 |
| Scientist | 12.05 1,298 |
| Engineer, site reliability | 11.94 1,703 |
| Developer, game or graphics | 11.9 1,334 |
| DevOps specialist | 11.65 5,548 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | 11.58 4,777 |
| Developer, QA or test | 11.19 2,620 |
| Engineer, data | 11.17 3,055 |
| Academic researcher | 10.89 1,723 |
| Developer, back-end | 10.69 22,810 |
| Developer, mobile | 10.51 6,295 |
| Developer, full-stack | 10.23 24,247 |
| Developer, front-end | 9.95 12,960 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | 9.7 2,629 |
| Blockchain | 9.63 971 |
| Student | 4.86 677 |
Average Years Coding Professional # Responses
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?
Developer Profile
Developer roles
Few developers consider themselves to be a single developer type, showing us their skill diversity.
Developer type
Full-stack, back-end, front-end, and desktop developers continue to account for the majority of all respondents. We asked about Cloud infrastructure engineer for the first time this year - almost 9% classify themselves as this type of developer.
Developers are wearing multiple hats. The majority of respondents said they considered themselves to be more than one type of developer - with DBAs, SREs, and Security professionals reporting the most variety. On average each of these roles reported being seven other developer types.
61,302 responses
| Developer, full-stack | 46.82% 28,701 |
| Developer, back-end | 43.38% 26,595 |
| Developer, front-end | 25.96% 15,915 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | 15.57% 9,546 |
| Developer, mobile | 12.45% 7,634 |
| DevOps specialist | 10.06% 6,170 |
| Student | 9.13% 5,595 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | 8.62% 5,283 |
| Database administrator | 8.05% 4,934 |
| System administrator | 8.01% 4,908 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | 6.4% 3,923 |
| Project manager | 6.36% 3,897 |
| Designer | 6.14% 3,764 |
| Engineer, data | 5.87% 3,600 |
| Engineering manager | 5.83% 3,574 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | 5.59% 3,424 |
| Data or business analyst | 5.22% 3,201 |
| Developer, QA or test | 5.05% 3,096 |
| Academic researcher | 4.42% 2,709 |
| Product manager | 4.1% 2,514 |
| Educator | 3.41% 2,090 |
| Engineer, site reliability | 3.18% 1,947 |
| Security professional | 3.15% 1,928 |
| Developer, game or graphics | 3% 1,837 |
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | 2.94% 1,805 |
| Scientist | 2.87% 1,762 |
| Blockchain | 2.12% 1,302 |
| Marketing or sales professional | 0.84% 518 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describes your current job? Please select all that apply.
59,988 responses
Average count of other roles
| Database administrator | 7 4,934 |
| Product manager | 7 2,514 |
| Security professional | 7 1,928 |
| Blockchain | 6 1,302 |
| Data or business analyst | 6 3,201 |
| Designer | 6 3,764 |
| Developer, game or graphics | 6 1,837 |
| Developer, QA or test | 6 3,096 |
| Educator | 6 2,090 |
| Engineer, site reliability | 6 1,947 |
| Project manager | 6 3,897 |
| Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) | 6 1,805 |
| System administrator | 6 4,908 |
| Academic researcher | 5 2,709 |
| Cloud infrastructure engineer | 5 5,283 |
| Data scientist or machine learning specialist | 5 3,424 |
| Developer, desktop or enterprise applications | 5 9,546 |
| Developer, embedded applications or devices | 5 3,923 |
| DevOps specialist | 5 6,170 |
| Engineer, data | 5 3,600 |
| Engineering manager | 5 3,574 |
| Scientist | 5 1,762 |
| Developer, back-end | 4 26,595 |
| Developer, front-end | 4 15,915 |
| Developer, mobile | 4 7,634 |
| Student | 4 5,595 |
| Developer, full-stack | 3 28,701 |
Average Count of Other Roles # Responses
Which of the following describes your current job? Please select all that apply.
Developer Profile
Key territories
Across the world, developers and technologists turn to Stack Overflow to gain and share knowledge. Our survey received responses from almost every country on Earth.
Geography
The United States and India continue to provide the highest volume of survey responses, followed by Germany and UKI (UK and Ireland).
The top ten countries account for almost 60% of all respondents. This year we saw Spain just barely overtake Italy for the number ten spot. To see the top ten countries, refer to the methodology section.
41,502 responses
| United States of America | 18.88% 13,543 |
| India | 9.26% 6,639 |
| Germany | 7.52% 5,395 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 5.84% 4,190 |
| Canada | 3.47% 2,490 |
| France | 3.25% 2,328 |
| Brazil | 2.94% 2,109 |
| Poland | 2.41% 1,732 |
| Netherlands | 2.17% 1,555 |
| Spain | 2.12% 1,521 |
% Percentages # Responses
Where do you live? *
71,771 responses
| Response | Percentage | Responses |
|---|---|---|
| United States of America | 18.88% | 13,543 |
| India | 9.26% | 6,639 |
| Germany | 7.52% | 5,395 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 5.84% | 4,190 |
| Canada | 3.47% | 2,490 |
| France | 3.25% | 2,328 |
| Brazil | 2.94% | 2,109 |
| Poland | 2.41% | 1,732 |
| Netherlands | 2.17% | 1,555 |
| Spain | 2.12% | 1,521 |
| Italy | 2.11% | 1,514 |
| Australia | 2.04% | 1,462 |
| Russian Federation | 1.71% | 1,229 |
| Sweden | 1.42% | 1,020 |
| Turkey | 1.42% | 1,020 |
| Switzerland | 1.3% | 932 |
| Austria | 1.16% | 833 |
| Israel | 1.11% | 795 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of... | 1.01% | 723 |
| Pakistan | 0.99% | 711 |
| Czech Republic | 0.96% | 692 |
| China | 0.88% | 632 |
| Belgium | 0.87% | 626 |
| Bangladesh | 0.85% | 613 |
| Ukraine | 0.83% | 593 |
| Romania | 0.81% | 581 |
| Mexico | 0.8% | 574 |
| Portugal | 0.78% | 563 |
| Greece | 0.76% | 548 |
| Denmark | 0.76% | 547 |
| Indonesia | 0.75% | 537 |
| Argentina | 0.73% | 521 |
| Nigeria | 0.72% | 517 |
| South Africa | 0.69% | 493 |
| Norway | 0.67% | 479 |
| Finland | 0.65% | 468 |
| Hungary | 0.65% | 466 |
| New Zealand | 0.61% | 440 |
| Egypt | 0.56% | 400 |
| Philippines | 0.51% | 366 |
| Bulgaria | 0.51% | 364 |
| Colombia | 0.48% | 341 |
| Japan | 0.46% | 333 |
| Ireland | 0.46% | 332 |
| Viet Nam | 0.44% | 317 |
| Sri Lanka | 0.41% | 296 |
| Slovenia | 0.4% | 286 |
| Serbia | 0.39% | 282 |
| Kenya | 0.38% | 270 |
| Taiwan | 0.32% | 233 |
| Slovakia | 0.32% | 229 |
| South Korea | 0.32% | 229 |
| Morocco | 0.32% | 226 |
| Singapore | 0.32% | 226 |
| Nepal | 0.31% | 222 |
| Lithuania | 0.3% | 212 |
| Malaysia | 0.29% | 206 |
| Chile | 0.28% | 203 |
| Croatia | 0.27% | 192 |
| Hong Kong (S.A.R.) | 0.26% | 184 |
| Thailand | 0.24% | 175 |
| United Arab Emirates | 0.23% | 165 |
| Estonia | 0.2% | 141 |
| Belarus | 0.19% | 136 |
| Peru | 0.19% | 136 |
| Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of... | 0.17% | 119 |
| Saudi Arabia | 0.16% | 116 |
| Uruguay | 0.15% | 106 |
| Georgia | 0.15% | 105 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.14% | 103 |
| Tunisia | 0.14% | 101 |
| Latvia | 0.13% | 95 |
| Armenia | 0.13% | 93 |
| Ghana | 0.12% | 86 |
| Uzbekistan | 0.12% | 84 |
| Dominican Republic | 0.12% | 83 |
| Ecuador | 0.12% | 83 |
| Costa Rica | 0.11% | 76 |
| Ethiopia | 0.1% | 75 |
| Republic of Korea | 0.1% | 72 |
| Lebanon | 0.1% | 71 |
| Kazakhstan | 0.1% | 70 |
| Afghanistan | 0.1% | 69 |
| Azerbaijan | 0.1% | 69 |
| Jordan | 0.09% | 64 |
| Uganda | 0.09% | 63 |
| Cyprus | 0.09% | 61 |
| Albania | 0.08% | 59 |
| Luxembourg | 0.08% | 56 |
| Guatemala | 0.08% | 54 |
| Iraq | 0.08% | 54 |
| Myanmar | 0.07% | 53 |
| The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | 0.07% | 51 |
| El Salvador | 0.06% | 45 |
| Bolivia | 0.06% | 44 |
| Paraguay | 0.06% | 42 |
| Malta | 0.05% | 39 |
| Republic of Moldova | 0.05% | 37 |
| Algeria | 0.05% | 36 |
| Cambodia | 0.05% | 35 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | 0.05% | 35 |
| Cameroon | 0.05% | 34 |
| Palestine | 0.05% | 34 |
| Sudan | 0.04% | 32 |
| Cuba | 0.04% | 31 |
| Zimbabwe | 0.04% | 30 |
| Kosovo | 0.04% | 29 |
| Honduras | 0.04% | 28 |
| Iceland | 0.04% | 28 |
| Panama | 0.04% | 28 |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 0.04% | 28 |
| Madagascar | 0.04% | 26 |
| Jamaica | 0.03% | 22 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 0.03% | 22 |
| Mauritius | 0.03% | 21 |
| Kuwait | 0.03% | 20 |
| Qatar | 0.03% | 20 |
| Rwanda | 0.03% | 20 |
| Zambia | 0.03% | 20 |
| Mongolia | 0.03% | 19 |
| Montenegro | 0.03% | 19 |
| Nicaragua | 0.03% | 18 |
| Turkmenistan | 0.02% | 16 |
| Andorra | 0.02% | 15 |
| Bahrain | 0.02% | 14 |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 0.02% | 14 |
| Malawi | 0.02% | 14 |
| Yemen | 0.02% | 14 |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | 0.02% | 13 |
| Oman | 0.02% | 13 |
| Senegal | 0.02% | 13 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 0.02% | 13 |
| Angola | 0.02% | 12 |
| Congo, Republic of the... | 0.02% | 12 |
| Isle of Man | 0.02% | 12 |
| Maldives | 0.02% | 12 |
| Somalia | 0.02% | 12 |
| Benin | 0.02% | 11 |
| Mozambique | 0.02% | 11 |
| Tajikistan | 0.02% | 11 |
| Mali | 0.01% | 10 |
| Togo | 0.01% | 9 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.01% | 7 |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | 0.01% | 7 |
| Swaziland | 0.01% | 7 |
| Barbados | 0.01% | 6 |
| Botswana | 0.01% | 6 |
| Guyana | 0.01% | 6 |
| Bhutan | 0.01% | 5 |
| Guinea | 0.01% | 5 |
| Namibia | 0.01% | 5 |
| Bahamas | 0.01% | 4 |
| Cape Verde | 0.01% | 4 |
| North Korea | 0.01% | 4 |
| Suriname | 0.01% | 4 |
| Timor-Leste | 0.01% | 4 |
| Belize | 0% | 3 |
| Chad | 0% | 3 |
| Haiti | 0% | 3 |
| Niger | 0% | 3 |
| Saint Lucia | 0% | 3 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 0% | 2 |
| Fiji | 0% | 2 |
| Gabon | 0% | 2 |
| Gambia | 0% | 2 |
| Lesotho | 0% | 2 |
| Liberia | 0% | 2 |
| Mauritania | 0% | 2 |
| Palau | 0% | 2 |
| Papua New Guinea | 0% | 2 |
| Sierra Leone | 0% | 2 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 0% | 1 |
| Burkina Faso | 0% | 1 |
| Djibouti | 0% | 1 |
| Monaco | 0% | 1 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0% | 1 |
| San Marino | 0% | 1 |
| Seychelles | 0% | 1 |
| Solomon Islands | 0% | 1 |
Where do you live? *
Developer Profile
Demographics
Developers and technologists are a diverse group of individuals across many spectrums. We are committed to continuing to ensure our platform is inclusive and welcoming to all.
Age
46% of Professional Developers are 25-34 years old. But we see that more than half of the respondents learning to code are 18-24 years old.
70,946 responses
| Under 18 years old | 5.45% 3,866 |
| 18-24 years old | 23.46% 16,646 |
| 25-34 years old | 39.62% 28,112 |
| 35-44 years old | 19.72% 13,988 |
| 45-54 years old | 7.44% 5,281 |
| 55-64 years old | 2.79% 1,978 |
| 65 years or older | 0.78% 554 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.73% 521 |
% Percentages # Responses
What is your age?
53,041 responses
| Under 18 years old | 0.71% 379 |
| 18-24 years old | 20.13% 10,677 |
| 25-34 years old | 45.91% 24,350 |
| 35-44 years old | 21.96% 11,647 |
| 45-54 years old | 7.66% 4,063 |
| 55-64 years old | 2.71% 1,437 |
| 65 years or older | 0.56% 295 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.36% 193 |
% Percentages # Responses
What is your age?
6,206 responses
| Under 18 years old | 17.66% 1,096 |
| 18-24 years old | 55.59% 3,450 |
| 25-34 years old | 17.31% 1,074 |
| 35-44 years old | 5.16% 320 |
| 45-54 years old | 1.84% 114 |
| 55-64 years old | 0.66% 41 |
| 65 years or older | 0.27% 17 |
| Prefer not to say | 1.51% 94 |
% Percentages # Responses
What is your age?
Gender
Those learning to code are slightly less likely to identify as a man and slightly more likely to prefer to not identify. Both of these are indications that the industry (and our survey) could continue to become more diverse as more people join the workforce.
92% of all respondents and 93% of Professional Developers identify as a man. The United States has the highest percentage of gender minorities (Woman, Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming). We have considerable work to do to ensure our platform is inclusive and that our survey is representative of developers everywhere.
70,853 responses
| Man | 91.88% 65,097 |
| Woman | 5.17% 3,662 |
| Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming | 1.67% 1,186 |
| Prefer not to say | 1.65% 1,172 |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.74% 521 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
52,927 responses
| Man | 92.85% 49,141 |
| Woman | 4.8% 2,542 |
| Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming | 1.39% 735 |
| Prefer not to say | 1.28% 678 |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.62% 327 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
6,207 responses
| Man | 87.9% 5,456 |
| Woman | 7.96% 494 |
| Prefer not to say | 2.55% 158 |
| Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming | 1.98% 123 |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.89% 55 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
70,853 responses
Percent who identify as Woman, Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming
| United States of America | 9.8% 1,328 |
| Canada | 8% 199 |
| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | 7.89% 332 |
| Netherlands | 7.06% 110 |
| Spain | 6.74% 102 |
| Brazil | 6.68% 142 |
| France | 5.97% 139 |
| Germany | 5.68% 307 |
| India | 5.63% 367 |
| Poland | 4.43% 77 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Transgender
1.5% of all respondents identify as transgender. Like we see with gender identification, those learning to code are slightly more likely to prefer to not say if they identify as transgender.
70,315 responses
| No | 95.84% 67,392 |
| Prefer not to say | 1.96% 1,379 |
| Yes | 1.51% 1,064 |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.68% 480 |
% Percentages # Responses
Do you identify as transgender?
52,555 responses
| No | 96.65% 50,794 |
| Prefer not to say | 1.59% 837 |
| Yes | 1.17% 615 |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.59% 309 |
% Percentages # Responses
Do you identify as transgender?
6,123 responses
| No | 93.91% 5,750 |
| Prefer not to say | 3.18% 195 |
| Yes | 2.16% 132 |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.75% 46 |
% Percentages # Responses
Do you identify as transgender?
Sexual orientation
Those learning to code are less likely to identify as straight/heterosexual than Professional Developers, with 10% preferring not to say.
66,565 responses
| Straight / Heterosexual | 84.09% 55,975 |
| Prefer not to say | 6.53% 4,350 |
| Bisexual | 5.45% 3,626 |
| Gay or Lesbian | 2.67% 1,778 |
| Prefer to self-describe: | 2.15% 1,429 |
| Queer | 1.7% 1,131 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
50,070 responses
| Straight / Heterosexual | 85.96% 43,040 |
| Prefer not to say | 5.57% 2,790 |
| Bisexual | 5.11% 2,558 |
| Gay or Lesbian | 2.52% 1,264 |
| Prefer to self-describe: | 1.71% 856 |
| Queer | 1.54% 770 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
5,641 responses
| Straight / Heterosexual | 77.98% 4,399 |
| Prefer not to say | 9.98% 563 |
| Bisexual | 6.9% 389 |
| Prefer to self-describe: | 3.49% 197 |
| Gay or Lesbian | 2.52% 142 |
| Queer | 1.63% 92 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Race and ethnicity
Those learning to code are less likely to identify as European and/or White than Professional Developers. Like we saw with other demographic questions, the new group of developers who may enter the workforce soon, could be more diverse.
69,474 responses
| White | 39.38% 27,360 |
| European | 37.25% 25,877 |
| Indian | 9.7% 6,739 |
| Asian | 9.48% 6,586 |
| Hispanic or Latino/a | 5.71% 3,967 |
| Middle Eastern | 4.1% 2,850 |
| South American | 3.78% 2,624 |
| North American | 3.36% 2,331 |
| African | 3.3% 2,294 |
| South Asian | 2.59% 1,797 |
| Prefer not to say | 2.49% 1,732 |
| Southeast Asian | 2.33% 1,618 |
| Or, in your own words: | 2.19% 1,524 |
| Multiracial | 1.76% 1,222 |
| East Asian | 1.75% 1,214 |
| Black | 1.48% 1,028 |
| Biracial | 1.15% 798 |
| I don't know | 1.01% 701 |
| North African | 0.88% 611 |
| Caribbean | 0.66% 460 |
| Central American | 0.6% 416 |
| Central Asian | 0.57% 397 |
| Ethnoreligious group | 0.5% 348 |
| Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) | 0.47% 330 |
| Pacific Islander | 0.21% 147 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
51,945 responses
| White | 40.75% 21,166 |
| European | 38.13% 19,807 |
| Indian | 9.01% 4,678 |
| Asian | 8.53% 4,430 |
| Hispanic or Latino/a | 6.04% 3,137 |
| Middle Eastern | 4.21% 2,187 |
| South American | 4.1% 2,131 |
| North American | 3.24% 1,681 |
| African | 2.82% 1,466 |
| South Asian | 2.39% 1,242 |
| Prefer not to say | 2.2% 1,143 |
| Or, in your own words: | 2.08% 1,081 |
| Southeast Asian | 2% 1,038 |
| Multiracial | 1.68% 871 |
| East Asian | 1.5% 779 |
| Black | 1.27% 661 |
| Biracial | 1.06% 551 |
| North African | 0.82% 424 |
| I don't know | 0.8% 417 |
| Caribbean | 0.64% 334 |
| Central American | 0.56% 290 |
| Central Asian | 0.5% 262 |
| Ethnoreligious group | 0.45% 232 |
| Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) | 0.44% 231 |
| Pacific Islander | 0.17% 90 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
6,086 responses
| European | 25.94% 1,579 |
| White | 24.33% 1,481 |
| Indian | 18.17% 1,106 |
| Asian | 16.86% 1,026 |
| African | 8.4% 511 |
| Hispanic or Latino/a | 4.65% 283 |
| Southeast Asian | 4.45% 271 |
| South Asian | 4.34% 264 |
| Middle Eastern | 4.27% 260 |
| South American | 3.12% 190 |
| Black | 3.07% 187 |
| Prefer not to say | 2.81% 171 |
| East Asian | 2.6% 158 |
| North American | 2.3% 140 |
| Or, in your own words: | 2.22% 135 |
| I don't know | 1.91% 116 |
| Multiracial | 1.81% 110 |
| North African | 1.5% 91 |
| Biracial | 1.27% 77 |
| Central Asian | 1.18% 72 |
| Central American | 0.81% 49 |
| Caribbean | 0.77% 47 |
| Ethnoreligious group | 0.43% 26 |
| Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) | 0.41% 25 |
| Pacific Islander | 0.36% 22 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Disability status
2,547 respondents have a physical difference, with the majority of these respondents being blind or having difficulty seeing.
2,547 responses
| I am blind / have difficulty seeing | 1.7% 1,142 |
| Or, in your own words: | 0.97% 650 |
| I am deaf / hard of hearing | 0.85% 570 |
| I am unable to / find it difficult to walk or stand without assistance | 0.44% 298 |
| I am unable to / find it difficult to type | 0.35% 232 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Neurodiversity
Response to this question increased from 20% last year to 22% this year.
This year we see more developers identifying as having a concentration and/or memory disorder (10.6%), anxiety disorder (10.3%), mood or emotional disorder (9.7%).
16,163 responses
| I have a concentration and/or memory disorder (e.g., ADHD, etc.) | 10.57% 7,026 |
| I have an anxiety disorder | 10.31% 6,848 |
| I have a mood or emotional disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, etc.) | 9.71% 6,449 |
| I have autism / an autism spectrum disorder (e.g. Asperger's, etc.) | 4.27% 2,834 |
| I have learning differences (e.g., Dyslexic, Dyslexia, etc.) | 2.77% 1,840 |
| Or, in your own words: | 1.23% 815 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
Technology
Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and what they want to use.
We have the favorite Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted data as well as Worked With vs. Want to Work With, which shows us precisely what developers used in the past year and what they want to work on in the following year. If you need a refresher on how we structure Loved, Dread and Wanted, or if you want to read about the intuition behind Worked With vs. Want to Work With, check out this post our meta post.
Technology
Most popular technologies
This year, we're comparing the popular technologies across three different groups: All respondents, Professional Developers, and those that are learning to code.
Programming, scripting, and markup languages
2022 marks JavaScript’s tenth year in a row as the most commonly used programming language.
But, it’s a different picture for those learning to code. HTML/CSS, Javascript and Python are almost tied as the most popular languages for people learning to code. People learning to code are more likely than Professional Developers to report using Python (58% vs 44%), C++ (35% vs 20%), and C (32% vs 17%).
Compared to Professional Developers, those learning to code are less likely to report using SQL (38% vs 53%), TypeScript (15% vs 40%), and Bash/Shell (19% vs 29%).
71,547 responses
| JavaScript | 65.36% 46,443 |
| HTML/CSS | 55.08% 39,142 |
| SQL | 49.43% 35,127 |
| Python | 48.07% 34,155 |
| TypeScript | 34.83% 24,752 |
| Java | 33.27% 23,644 |
| Bash/Shell | 29.07% 20,656 |
| C# | 27.98% 19,883 |
| C++ | 22.55% 16,024 |
| PHP | 20.87% 14,827 |
| C | 19.27% 13,692 |
| PowerShell | 12.07% 8,575 |
| Go | 11.15% 7,922 |
| Rust | 9.32% 6,625 |
| Kotlin | 9.16% 6,507 |
| Dart | 6.54% 4,648 |
| Ruby | 6.05% 4,299 |
| Assembly | 5.47% 3,887 |
| Swift | 4.91% 3,489 |
| R | 4.66% 3,308 |
| VBA | 4.48% 3,185 |
| MATLAB | 4.1% 2,913 |
| Lua | 4.03% 2,867 |
| Groovy | 3.32% 2,357 |
| Delphi | 3.25% 2,311 |
| Scala | 2.59% 1,837 |
| Objective-C | 2.39% 1,698 |
| Perl | 2.31% 1,644 |
| Haskell | 2.22% 1,577 |
| Elixir | 2.15% 1,528 |
| Julia | 1.53% 1,084 |
| Clojure | 1.51% 1,070 |
| Solidity | 1.45% 1,031 |
| LISP | 1.31% 932 |
| F# | 1.03% 730 |
| Fortran | 0.91% 646 |
| Erlang | 0.9% 641 |
| APL | 0.71% 504 |
| COBOL | 0.65% 464 |
| SAS | 0.61% 435 |
| OCaml | 0.59% 422 |
| Crystal | 0.48% 340 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
53,421 responses
| JavaScript | 67.9% 36,203 |
| HTML/CSS | 54.93% 29,291 |
| SQL | 52.64% 28,068 |
| Python | 43.51% 23,201 |
| TypeScript | 40.08% 21,369 |
| Java | 33.4% 17,807 |
| C# | 29.72% 15,846 |
| Bash/Shell | 29.47% 15,716 |
| PHP | 21.42% 11,423 |
| C++ | 20.17% 10,755 |
| C | 16.7% 8,904 |
| PowerShell | 12.07% 6,437 |
| Go | 11.83% 6,307 |
| Kotlin | 9.92% 5,291 |
| Rust | 8.8% 4,690 |
| Ruby | 6.72% 3,585 |
| Dart | 6.67% 3,555 |
| Swift | 5.18% 2,763 |
| Assembly | 4.5% 2,399 |
| VBA | 3.84% 2,049 |
| Groovy | 3.8% 2,028 |
| R | 3.56% 1,899 |
| Delphi | 3.51% 1,874 |
| MATLAB | 3.41% 1,816 |
| Lua | 3.23% 1,723 |
| Scala | 2.97% 1,583 |
| Objective-C | 2.69% 1,434 |
| Elixir | 2.46% 1,311 |
| Perl | 2.21% 1,176 |
| Haskell | 1.94% 1,035 |
| Clojure | 1.66% 886 |
| Solidity | 1.52% 809 |
| LISP | 1.12% 599 |
| F# | 1.08% 577 |
| Julia | 1.04% 556 |
| Erlang | 0.98% 523 |
| Fortran | 0.63% 338 |
| COBOL | 0.57% 306 |
| OCaml | 0.52% 279 |
| SAS | 0.5% 265 |
| APL | 0.47% 249 |
| Crystal | 0.43% 229 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
6,239 responses
| HTML/CSS | 62.59% 3,719 |
| JavaScript | 59.79% 3,553 |
| Python | 58.38% 3,469 |
| Java | 38.67% 2,298 |
| SQL | 37.8% 2,246 |
| C++ | 34.69% 2,061 |
| C | 31.94% 1,898 |
| C# | 20.45% 1,215 |
| Bash/Shell | 19.37% 1,151 |
| PHP | 18.82% 1,118 |
| TypeScript | 15.05% 894 |
| Assembly | 8.68% 516 |
| PowerShell | 8.3% 493 |
| Dart | 7.34% 436 |
| Rust | 7.09% 421 |
| Kotlin | 6.88% 409 |
| MATLAB | 6.16% 366 |
| R | 5.71% 339 |
| Go | 5.17% 307 |
| Lua | 3.9% 232 |
| Swift | 3.35% 199 |
| VBA | 3.25% 193 |
| Haskell | 2.66% 158 |
| Ruby | 2.52% 150 |
| Solidity | 1.53% 91 |
| APL | 1.51% 90 |
| LISP | 1.21% 72 |
| Julia | 1.16% 69 |
| Objective-C | 0.99% 59 |
| Scala | 0.98% 58 |
| Delphi | 0.88% 52 |
| SAS | 0.84% 50 |
| Perl | 0.81% 48 |
| Fortran | 0.74% 44 |
| OCaml | 0.72% 43 |
| Groovy | 0.62% 37 |
| Clojure | 0.59% 35 |
| Elixir | 0.49% 29 |
| F# | 0.49% 29 |
| COBOL | 0.45% 27 |
| Erlang | 0.42% 25 |
| Crystal | 0.35% 21 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Databases
For Professional Developers PostgreSQL just barely took over the first place spot from MySQL. Professional Developers are more likely than those learning to code to use Redis, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, and Elasticsearch.
MongoDB is used by a similar percentage of both Professional Developers and those learning to code and it’s the second most popular database for those learning to code (behind MySQL). This makes sense since it supports a large number of languages and application development platforms.
63,327 responses
| MySQL | 46.85% 28,520 |
| PostgreSQL | 43.59% 26,538 |
| SQLite | 32.01% 19,487 |
| MongoDB | 28.3% 17,228 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 26.87% 16,355 |
| Redis | 22.13% 13,471 |
| MariaDB | 17.93% 10,912 |
| Elasticsearch | 12.21% 7,430 |
| Oracle | 11.49% 6,994 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 8.72% 5,309 |
| DynamoDB | 8.26% 5,029 |
| Cloud Firestore | 7.45% 4,535 |
| Cassandra | 2.66% 1,617 |
| Neo4j | 2.12% 1,291 |
| IBM DB2 | 2% 1,219 |
| Couchbase | 1.33% 807 |
| CouchDB | 1.29% 783 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
48,788 responses
| PostgreSQL | 46.48% 22,214 |
| MySQL | 45.68% 21,830 |
| SQLite | 30.83% 14,733 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 28.77% 13,750 |
| MongoDB | 28.29% 13,518 |
| Redis | 24.97% 11,935 |
| MariaDB | 17.91% 8,561 |
| Elasticsearch | 13.9% 6,642 |
| Oracle | 11.79% 5,632 |
| DynamoDB | 9.42% 4,504 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 8.57% 4,094 |
| Cloud Firestore | 7.28% 3,478 |
| Cassandra | 2.73% 1,306 |
| Neo4j | 2.13% 1,016 |
| IBM DB2 | 1.98% 944 |
| CouchDB | 1.34% 638 |
| Couchbase | 1.29% 615 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
5,106 responses
| MySQL | 58.4% 2,495 |
| MongoDB | 31.32% 1,338 |
| SQLite | 30.41% 1,299 |
| PostgreSQL | 25.54% 1,091 |
| Microsoft SQL Server | 16.34% 698 |
| MariaDB | 14.3% 611 |
| Firebase Realtime Database | 11.56% 494 |
| Oracle | 10.84% 463 |
| Cloud Firestore | 8.59% 367 |
| Redis | 5.55% 237 |
| Cassandra | 1.59% 68 |
| DynamoDB | 1.59% 68 |
| Elasticsearch | 1.54% 66 |
| Neo4j | 1.43% 61 |
| IBM DB2 | 1.22% 52 |
| Couchbase | 0.87% 37 |
| CouchDB | 0.68% 29 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Cloud platforms
AWS remains the most used cloud platform for all respondents and for Professional Developers. Azure took the second-place spot from Google Cloud.
People learning to code have much different usage of cloud platforms. Heroku is the most used platform for those learning to code (35%), significantly higher than Professional Developers (18%). We see similar differences with Google Cloud (31% learning to code; 26% Professional Developers), Firebase (30% learning to code; 21% Professional Developers), VMware (12% learning to code; 8% Professional Developers).
You can see the inroads that AWS and Azure have with organizations - significantly more Professional Developers are using those platforms compared to people who are learning to code.
56,553 responses
| AWS | 51.01% 25,939 |
| Microsoft Azure | 28.72% 14,604 |
| Google Cloud | 26.81% 13,634 |
| Firebase | 21.14% 10,751 |
| Heroku | 19.98% 10,160 |
| DigitalOcean | 15.64% 7,953 |
| VMware | 8.71% 4,429 |
| Managed Hosting | 5.76% 2,927 |
| Linode | 3.92% 1,994 |
| OVH | 3.76% 1,913 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure | 2.18% 1,110 |
| OpenStack | 2.02% 1,029 |
| IBM Cloud or Watson | 1.68% 853 |
| Colocation | 1.26% 642 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
44,106 responses
| AWS | 55.17% 22,357 |
| Microsoft Azure | 30.36% 12,304 |
| Google Cloud | 26.1% 10,576 |
| Firebase | 21.05% 8,529 |
| Heroku | 18.34% 7,433 |
| DigitalOcean | 16.15% 6,544 |
| VMware | 7.61% 3,084 |
| Managed Hosting | 5.66% 2,295 |
| Linode | 3.76% 1,522 |
| OVH | 3.62% 1,465 |
| OpenStack | 1.79% 724 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure | 1.7% 688 |
| IBM Cloud or Watson | 1.47% 595 |
| Colocation | 1.14% 460 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,282 responses
| Heroku | 35.24% 1,087 |
| Google Cloud | 31.35% 967 |
| Firebase | 30.05% 927 |
| AWS | 23.7% 731 |
| Microsoft Azure | 16.24% 501 |
| VMware | 12.41% 383 |
| DigitalOcean | 9.79% 302 |
| Oracle Cloud Infrastructure | 4.12% 127 |
| Managed Hosting | 3.86% 119 |
| Linode | 3.53% 109 |
| OVH | 3.31% 102 |
| IBM Cloud or Watson | 2.79% 86 |
| OpenStack | 2.59% 80 |
| Colocation | 1% 31 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Web frameworks and technologies
Node.js and React.js are the two most common web technologies used by Professional Developers and those learning to code. Angular is used more by Professional Developers than those learning to code (23% vs 10%), same with ASP.NET (16% vs 10%) and ASP.NET Core (21% vs 10%).
58,743 responses
| Node.js | 47.12% 25,733 |
| React.js | 42.62% 23,277 |
| jQuery | 28.57% 15,602 |
| Express | 22.99% 12,557 |
| Angular | 20.39% 11,138 |
| Vue.js | 18.82% 10,278 |
| ASP.NET Core | 18.59% 10,155 |
| ASP.NET | 14.9% 8,139 |
| Django | 14.65% 8,002 |
| Flask | 14.64% 7,994 |
| Next.js | 13.52% 7,386 |
| Laravel | 9.45% 5,159 |
| Angular.js | 8.99% 4,912 |
| FastAPI | 6.02% 3,289 |
| Ruby on Rails | 5.83% 3,182 |
| Svelte | 4.58% 2,500 |
| Blazor | 4.46% 2,438 |
| Nuxt.js | 3.83% 2,089 |
| Symfony | 3.58% 1,955 |
| Gatsby | 3.46% 1,889 |
| Drupal | 2.22% 1,211 |
| Phoenix | 2.13% 1,164 |
| Fastify | 1.85% 1,008 |
| Deno | 1.69% 925 |
| Play Framework | 0.82% 450 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
45,297 responses
| Node.js | 46.31% 20,003 |
| React.js | 44.31% 19,136 |
| jQuery | 29.21% 12,614 |
| Express | 23.19% 10,018 |
| Angular | 23.06% 9,962 |
| ASP.NET Core | 20.71% 8,947 |
| Vue.js | 19.9% 8,594 |
| ASP.NET | 16.15% 6,974 |
| Next.js | 13.93% 6,018 |
| Django | 13.59% 5,868 |
| Flask | 13.24% 5,717 |
| Laravel | 10.3% 4,449 |
| Angular.js | 9.94% 4,295 |
| Ruby on Rails | 6.37% 2,753 |
| FastAPI | 6.01% 2,597 |
| Blazor | 4.92% 2,126 |
| Svelte | 4.11% 1,773 |
| Nuxt.js | 4.06% 1,752 |
| Symfony | 3.98% 1,718 |
| Gatsby | 3.77% 1,628 |
| Phoenix | 2.32% 1,004 |
| Drupal | 2.25% 970 |
| Fastify | 1.92% 831 |
| Deno | 1.47% 636 |
| Play Framework | 0.86% 373 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,932 responses
| Node.js | 52.86% 2,004 |
| React.js | 42.81% 1,623 |
| Express | 25.72% 975 |
| jQuery | 24.37% 924 |
| Django | 20.42% 774 |
| Flask | 16.78% 636 |
| Vue.js | 13.48% 511 |
| Next.js | 12.32% 467 |
| Angular | 10% 379 |
| ASP.NET | 9.94% 377 |
| ASP.NET Core | 9.58% 363 |
| Laravel | 7.25% 275 |
| FastAPI | 5.09% 193 |
| Angular.js | 5.04% 191 |
| Svelte | 4.35% 165 |
| Ruby on Rails | 2.22% 84 |
| Blazor | 2.14% 81 |
| Nuxt.js | 1.93% 73 |
| Gatsby | 1.85% 70 |
| Symfony | 1.77% 67 |
| Deno | 1.66% 63 |
| Drupal | 1.03% 39 |
| Fastify | 1% 38 |
| Phoenix | 0.76% 29 |
| Play Framework | 0.63% 24 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Other frameworks and libraries
This year we added additional responses to see the most popular libraries in different domains. For example, TensorFlow remains more popular than PyTorch for machine learning but Scikit-learn is close behind TensorFlow. Flutter and React Native are the two most popular cross-platform tools.
People learning to code are more likely than Professional Developer to be using NumPy (43% vs 24%), Pandas (35% vs 22%) - this makes sense given that they are both Python based and people learning to code are using Python. They are also more likely to be using TensorFlow (18% vs 11%) and Scikit-learn (17% vs 11%).
54,414 responses
| .NET | 34.55% 15,850 |
| NumPy | 28.65% 13,144 |
| Pandas | 25.08% 11,506 |
| Spring | 16.13% 7,399 |
| TensorFlow | 12.95% 5,942 |
| Flutter | 12.64% 5,799 |
| Scikit-learn | 12.59% 5,776 |
| React Native | 12.57% 5,765 |
| Apache Kafka | 10.35% 4,748 |
| Electron | 9.57% 4,390 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 8.61% 3,952 |
| Qt | 8.51% 3,906 |
| Keras | 7.27% 3,333 |
| Ionic | 5.27% 2,417 |
| Xamarin | 5.21% 2,388 |
| Apache Spark | 5.01% 2,298 |
| Cordova | 4.15% 1,903 |
| Hadoop | 3.45% 1,581 |
| GTK | 3.01% 1,380 |
| Capacitor | 2.49% 1,142 |
| Tidyverse | 2.17% 996 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 2.02% 925 |
| Uno Platform | 0.73% 334 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
41,060 responses
| .NET | 36.41% 12,830 |
| NumPy | 24.42% 8,605 |
| Pandas | 22.21% 7,826 |
| Spring | 18.74% 6,604 |
| React Native | 13.62% 4,801 |
| Flutter | 12.56% 4,427 |
| Apache Kafka | 11.96% 4,216 |
| TensorFlow | 11.49% 4,048 |
| Scikit-learn | 11.21% 3,952 |
| Electron | 9.33% 3,288 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 7.61% 2,681 |
| Qt | 7.42% 2,615 |
| Keras | 6.47% 2,279 |
| Ionic | 5.97% 2,104 |
| Xamarin | 5.54% 1,951 |
| Apache Spark | 5.35% 1,884 |
| Cordova | 4.72% 1,664 |
| Hadoop | 3.52% 1,240 |
| Capacitor | 2.81% 990 |
| GTK | 2.27% 801 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 1.92% 676 |
| Tidyverse | 1.36% 479 |
| Uno Platform | 0.66% 233 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,504 responses
| NumPy | 42.65% 1,326 |
| Pandas | 34.74% 1,080 |
| .NET | 28.02% 871 |
| TensorFlow | 17.66% 549 |
| Flutter | 17.63% 548 |
| Scikit-learn | 17.08% 531 |
| React Native | 11.39% 354 |
| Qt | 10.97% 341 |
| Keras | 10.71% 333 |
| Torch/PyTorch | 10.68% 332 |
| Spring | 8.56% 266 |
| Electron | 7.62% 237 |
| GTK | 3.6% 112 |
| Xamarin | 3.57% 111 |
| Apache Spark | 3.22% 100 |
| Ionic | 2.8% 87 |
| Hadoop | 2.73% 85 |
| Tidyverse | 2.67% 83 |
| Apache Kafka | 2.09% 65 |
| Cordova | 1.96% 61 |
| Hugging Face Transformers | 1.87% 58 |
| Capacitor | 1.25% 39 |
| Uno Platform | 0.71% 22 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Other tools
Last year we saw Git as a fundamental tool to being a developer. This year it appears that Docker is becoming a similar fundamental tool for Professional Developers, increasing from 55% to 69%.
People learning to code are more likely to be using 3D tools than Professional Developers - Unity 3D (23% vs 8%) and Unreal Engine (9% vs 3%) - teaching themselves skills for 3D VR and AR.
59,919 responses
| npm | 65.17% 35,778 |
| Docker | 63.72% 34,981 |
| Yarn | 27.64% 15,175 |
| Homebrew | 26.27% 14,420 |
| Kubernetes | 22.99% 12,624 |
| Terraform | 11.22% 6,160 |
| Unity 3D | 10.64% 5,840 |
| Ansible | 9.49% 5,210 |
| Unreal Engine | 3.97% 2,180 |
| Puppet | 1.87% 1,025 |
| Chef | 1.51% 828 |
| Pulumi | 0.84% 461 |
| Flow | 0.81% 444 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
46,432 responses
| Docker | 68.57% 29,780 |
| npm | 66.3% 28,798 |
| Yarn | 29.82% 12,952 |
| Homebrew | 28.25% 12,271 |
| Kubernetes | 25.45% 11,053 |
| Terraform | 12.3% 5,341 |
| Ansible | 9.64% 4,187 |
| Unity 3D | 8.19% 3,555 |
| Unreal Engine | 2.99% 1,300 |
| Puppet | 1.78% 772 |
| Chef | 1.46% 633 |
| Pulumi | 0.89% 388 |
| Flow | 0.72% 311 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
4,589 responses
| npm | 69.6% 2,475 |
| Docker | 30.91% 1,099 |
| Unity 3D | 22.53% 801 |
| Yarn | 20.25% 720 |
| Homebrew | 12.94% 460 |
| Unreal Engine | 8.75% 311 |
| Kubernetes | 5.93% 211 |
| Ansible | 2.31% 82 |
| Terraform | 1.55% 55 |
| Flow | 1.49% 53 |
| Puppet | 1.15% 41 |
| Chef | 0.96% 34 |
| Pulumi | 0.34% 12 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
Integrated development environment
Visual Studio Code remains the preferred IDE across all developers. PyCharm is used more by people learning to code (26% vs 16%) while Vim is used more by Professional Developers (24% vs 16%).
71,010 responses
| Visual Studio Code | 74.48% 52,523 |
| Visual Studio | 32.15% 22,673 |
| IntelliJ | 27.97% 19,723 |
| Notepad++ | 27.71% 19,543 |
| Vim | 23.34% 16,458 |
| Android Studio | 19.8% 13,963 |
| PyCharm | 17.24% 12,158 |
| Sublime Text | 16.59% 11,698 |
| Eclipse | 12.57% 8,866 |
| IPython/Jupyter | 11.61% 8,188 |
| Xcode | 10.53% 7,425 |
| Atom | 9.35% 6,595 |
| Nano | 9.26% 6,530 |
| Webstorm | 7.94% 5,602 |
| PhpStorm | 6.79% 4,790 |
| Neovim | 6.75% 4,759 |
| NetBeans | 5.24% 3,695 |
| CLion | 5.02% 3,543 |
| Rider | 4.94% 3,480 |
| Emacs | 4.51% 3,178 |
| RStudio | 3.39% 2,387 |
| GoLand | 3.33% 2,345 |
| RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) | 2.69% 1,894 |
| Qt Creator | 2.68% 1,892 |
| Spyder | 2.32% 1,637 |
| RubyMine | 1.38% 975 |
| TextMate | 0.73% 516 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
53,168 responses
| Visual Studio Code | 74.48% 39,499 |
| Visual Studio | 32.33% 17,144 |
| IntelliJ | 29.45% 15,616 |
| Notepad++ | 27.73% 14,705 |
| Vim | 23.66% 12,549 |
| Android Studio | 19.97% 10,589 |
| Sublime Text | 16.14% 8,559 |
| PyCharm | 15.55% 8,246 |
| Eclipse | 12.26% 6,503 |
| Xcode | 11.57% 6,136 |
| IPython/Jupyter | 9.95% 5,276 |
| Nano | 8.85% 4,691 |
| Webstorm | 8.84% 4,690 |
| Atom | 7.99% 4,237 |
| PhpStorm | 7.76% 4,114 |
| Neovim | 6.24% 3,308 |
| Rider | 5.5% 2,918 |
| NetBeans | 5.07% 2,691 |
| CLion | 4.7% 2,495 |
| Emacs | 4.33% 2,298 |
| GoLand | 3.67% 1,944 |
| RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) | 2.87% 1,520 |
| Qt Creator | 2.46% 1,304 |
| RStudio | 2.45% 1,298 |
| Spyder | 1.69% 897 |
| RubyMine | 1.57% 834 |
| TextMate | 0.72% 381 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
6,111 responses
| Visual Studio Code | 81.04% 4,750 |
| Visual Studio | 34.24% 2,007 |
| IntelliJ | 26.77% 1,569 |
| PyCharm | 25.95% 1,521 |
| Notepad++ | 24.94% 1,462 |
| Android Studio | 23.15% 1,357 |
| Sublime Text | 19.88% 1,165 |
| Vim | 16.41% 962 |
| IPython/Jupyter | 15.9% 932 |
| Eclipse | 15.82% 927 |
| Atom | 14.54% 852 |
| Nano | 8.58% 503 |
| NetBeans | 8.29% 486 |
| Neovim | 7.27% 426 |
| CLion | 7.2% 422 |
| Xcode | 6.31% 370 |
| Webstorm | 5.55% 325 |
| RStudio | 4.97% 291 |
| Spyder | 4.52% 265 |
| PhpStorm | 4.47% 262 |
| Rider | 3.16% 185 |
| Emacs | 3% 176 |
| Qt Creator | 3% 176 |
| GoLand | 1.77% 104 |
| RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) | 0.82% 48 |
| RubyMine | 0.58% 34 |
| TextMate | 0.36% 21 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
Asynchronous tools
We see definite differences between Professional Developers and people learning to code when it comes to asynchronous work tools. Jira is most used by Professional Developers (49%) but only used by 15% of those learning to code. It’s a similar story with Confluence, the second most used tool by Professional Developers (43%) but only used by 8% of those learning to code. For people starting their career, few of them will have experience with these tools, potentially increasing their time to ramp up on how to use them.
On the flip side, people who are learning to code are using Notion (36% vs 19%) and Trello (43% vs 32%) as their asynchronous work tools.
51,225 responses
| Jira Work Management | 49.47% 24,234 |
| Confluence | 39.8% 19,496 |
| Trello | 33.32% 16,324 |
| Notion | 19.82% 9,711 |
| Asana | 7.91% 3,874 |
| ClickUp | 5.52% 2,704 |
| Microsoft Planner | 4.66% 2,282 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams | 3.68% 1,804 |
| monday.com | 3.35% 1,639 |
| Airtable | 2.94% 1,438 |
| Microsoft Lists | 1.99% 973 |
| Smartsheet | 1.33% 654 |
| Wrike | 0.85% 417 |
| Adobe Workfront | 0.75% 368 |
| DingTalk (Teambition) | 0.46% 227 |
| Swit | 0.27% 131 |
| Workzone | 0.23% 112 |
| Planview Projectplace or Clarizen | 0.17% 84 |
| Cerri | 0.12% 61 |
| Wimi | 0.12% 61 |
| Leankor | 0.12% 57 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
42,066 responses
| Jira Work Management | 53.86% 21,949 |
| Confluence | 42.8% 17,440 |
| Trello | 31.7% 12,919 |
| Notion | 18.69% 7,618 |
| Asana | 8.05% 3,281 |
| ClickUp | 5.55% 2,263 |
| Microsoft Planner | 4.01% 1,633 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams | 3.46% 1,409 |
| monday.com | 3.18% 1,294 |
| Airtable | 2.78% 1,131 |
| Microsoft Lists | 1.54% 626 |
| Smartsheet | 1.13% 461 |
| Wrike | 0.8% 326 |
| Adobe Workfront | 0.45% 183 |
| DingTalk (Teambition) | 0.31% 128 |
| Swit | 0.19% 78 |
| Workzone | 0.12% 47 |
| Planview Projectplace or Clarizen | 0.11% 45 |
| Wimi | 0.08% 31 |
| Cerri | 0.07% 28 |
| Leankor | 0.06% 23 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
2,819 responses
| Trello | 43.44% 997 |
| Notion | 36.08% 828 |
| Jira Work Management | 15.29% 351 |
| Confluence | 7.8% 179 |
| Stack Overflow for Teams | 7.02% 161 |
| Microsoft Planner | 6.1% 140 |
| ClickUp | 5.93% 136 |
| Asana | 5.1% 117 |
| Microsoft Lists | 4.49% 103 |
| Adobe Workfront | 3.75% 86 |
| monday.com | 3.36% 77 |
| Airtable | 2.09% 48 |
| DingTalk (Teambition) | 1.61% 37 |
| Smartsheet | 1.26% 29 |
| Workzone | 1.13% 26 |
| Wrike | 1.05% 24 |
| Swit | 0.87% 20 |
| Cerri | 0.48% 11 |
| Leankor | 0.48% 11 |
| Wimi | 0.44% 10 |
| Planview Projectplace or Clarizen | 0.39% 9 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
Synchronous tools
The three most popular synchronous tools are universal across all respondents, Professional Developers, and people learning to code - Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Slack.
For Professional Developers, the percentage of people using each of these tools is close - between 54%-58% of respondents. However, for people learning to code, Zoom is used significantly more (67%) than Microsoft Teams (48%) and Slack (30%).
65,408 responses
| Zoom | 56.08% 36,153 |
| Microsoft Teams | 56% 36,097 |
| Slack | 53.43% 34,440 |
| Google Chat | 20.2% 13,019 |
| Cisco Webex Teams | 9.68% 6,238 |
| Mattermost | 4.04% 2,603 |
| Rocketchat | 2.23% 1,438 |
| RingCentral | 0.87% 560 |
| Symphony | 0.56% 359 |
| Wire | 0.44% 283 |
| Wickr | 0.29% 189 |
| Unify Circuit | 0.19% 123 |
| Coolfire Core | 0.14% 89 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
50,914 responses
| Slack | 58.24% 29,402 |
| Microsoft Teams | 56.85% 28,699 |
| Zoom | 54.09% 27,304 |
| Google Chat | 20.12% 10,156 |
| Cisco Webex Teams | 9.08% 4,583 |
| Mattermost | 4.26% 2,153 |
| Rocketchat | 2.34% 1,179 |
| RingCentral | 0.85% 430 |
| Symphony | 0.54% 274 |
| Wire | 0.33% 169 |
| Wickr | 0.24% 122 |
| Unify Circuit | 0.13% 67 |
| Coolfire Core | 0.07% 36 |
% Percentages # Responses
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
4,805 responses
| Zoom | 66.5% 2,988 |
| Microsoft Teams | 48.23% 2,167 |
| Slack | 29.8% 1,339 |
| Google Chat | 21.32% |