Kotlin Explained

Kotlin
Logo Size:230px
Paradigm:Multi-paradigm

object-oriented, functional, imperative, block structured, generic, reflective, concurrent

Designer:JetBrains
Developer:JetBrains
Typing:Inferred, static, strong
Platform:
Operating System:Cross-platform
License:Apache 2.0
File Ext:.kt, .kts, .kexe, .klib
Influenced:V (Vlang)

Kotlin [2] is a cross-platform, statically typed, general-purpose high-level programming language with type inference. Kotlin is designed to interoperate fully with Java, and the JVM version of Kotlin's standard library depends on the Java Class Library.However, type inference allows for more concise syntax. Kotlin mainly targets the JVM, but also compiles to JavaScript (e.g., for frontend web applications using React)[3] or native code via LLVM (e.g., for native iOS apps sharing business logic with Android apps).[4] JetBrains bears language development costs, while the Kotlin Foundation protects the Kotlin trademark.[5]

On 7 May 2019, Google announced Kotlin had become its preferred language for Android app developers.[6] Since the release of Android Studio 3.0 in October 2017, Kotlin has been included as an alternative to the standard Java compiler. The Android Kotlin compiler emits Java 8 bytecode by default (which runs in any later JVM), but allows targeting Java 9 up to 24,[7] for optimizing, or allows for more features; it has bidirectional record class interoperability support for JVM, introduced in Java 16, considered stable as of Kotlin 1.5.

Kotlin has support for the web with Kotlin/JS, through an intermediate representation-based backend that has been declared stable since version 1.8, released in December 2022. Kotlin/Native (e.g., Apple silicon support) has been declared stable since version 1.9.20, released in November 2023.[8] [9]

History

Name

The name is derived from Kotlin Island, a Russian island in the Gulf of Finland, near Saint Petersburg. Andrey Breslav, Kotlin's former lead designer, mentioned that the team decided to name it after an island, in imitation of the Java programming language, which shares a name with the Indonesian island of Java.

Development

The first commit to the Kotlin Git repository was on 8 November 2010.[10]

In July 2011, JetBrains unveiled Project Kotlin, a new JVM language that had been under development for a year.[11] JetBrains lead Dmitry Jemerov said that most languages lacked the features they were looking for, except for Scala. However, he cited Scala's slow compilation time as a deficiency. One of Kotlin's stated goals is to compile as quickly as Java. In February 2012, JetBrains open-sourced the project under the Apache 2 license.[12]

JetBrains expected Kotlin to drive sales of IntelliJ IDEA.[13]

Kotlin 1.0 was released on 15 February 2016,[14] which is considered the first officially stable release, and JetBrains has committed to long-term backwards compatibility starting with this version.

At Google I/O 2017, Google announced first-class support for Kotlin on Android.[15] On 7 May 2019, Google announced that Kotlin is now its preferred language for Android app developers.[6]

Design

Development lead Andrey Breslav has said that Kotlin is designed to be an industrial-strength object-oriented language, a "better language" than Java, and still fully interoperable with Java code, allowing companies to make a gradual migration from Java to Kotlin.[16]

Semicolons are optional as a statement terminator; in most cases, a newline is sufficient for the compiler to deduce that the statement has ended.[17]

Kotlin variable declarations and parameter lists place the data type after the variable name (separated by a colon), similar to Ada, BASIC, Pascal, TypeScript, and Rust. This, according to an article from Roman Elizarov, current project lead, results in alignment of variable names and is more pleasing to the eyes, especially when there are a few variable declarations in succession, and one or more of the types are too complex for type inference, or need to be declared explicitly for human readers to understand.[18] [19]

The influence of Scala in Kotlin can be seen in the extensive support for both object-oriented and functional programming[20] and in several specific features:

Kotlin 1.3 added support for contracts,[21] which are stable for the standard library declarations, but still experimental for user-defined declarations. Contracts are inspired by the design-by-contract[22] programming paradigm.

Like Scala.js, Kotlin code can be transpiled to JavaScript, enabling interoperability between Kotlin and JavaScript and allowing either writing complete web applications in Kotlin or sharing code between a Kotlin backend and a JavaScript frontend.[23]

Syntax

Procedural programming style

Kotlin relaxes the Java restriction on static methods and variables, allowing them to exist outside a class body. Static objects and functions can be defined at the top level of the package without requiring a redundant class-level scope. For compatibility with Java, Kotlin provides the JvmName annotation, which specifies the class name used when the package is viewed from a Java project. For example, @file:JvmName("JavaClassName").

Main entry point

See main article: Entry point.

As in C, C++, C#, Java, and Go, the entry point to a Kotlin program is a function named main, which may be passed an array containing any command-line arguments. This is optional since Kotlin 1.3.[24] Perl, PHP, and Unix shell–style string interpolation is supported. Type inference is also supported.

// Hello, World! examplefun main

fun main(args: Array)

Extension functions

Similar to C#, Kotlin allows adding an extension function to any class without the formalities of creating a derived class with new functions. An extension function has access to all the public interface of a class, which it can use to create a new function interface to a target class. An extension function will appear exactly like a class function and will be shown in code completion inspections of class functions. For example:

package org.wikipedia.examples

fun String.lastChar: Char = get(length - 1)

println("Kotlin".lastChar) // prints: n

By placing the preceding code in the top-level of a package, the String class is extended to include a function that was not included in the original definition of the String class.

// Overloading '+' operator using an extension functionoperator fun Point.plus(other: Point): Point

val p1 = Point(10, 20)val p2 = Point(30, 40)println(p1 + p2) // prints: Point(x=40, y=60)

Scope functions

Kotlin has five scope functions that allow changing the scope within the context of an object. The scope functions are,,,, and .[25]

Unpack arguments with the spread operator

Similar to Python, the spread operator asterisk (*) unpacks an array's contents as individual arguments to a function, e.g.:

fun main(args: Array)

Destructuring declarations

Destructuring declarations decompose an object into multiple variables at once, e.g., a 2D coordinate object might be destructured into two integers, and .

For example, the object supports destructuring to simplify access to its key and value fields:

for ((key, value) in map)

Nested functions

Kotlin allows local functions to be declared inside other functions or methods.

class User(val id: Int, val name: String, val address: String) fun saveUserToDb(user: User)

Classes are final by default

In Kotlin, to derive a new class from a base class, the base class must be explicitly marked as open; in contrast, most object-oriented languages, such as Java, are open by default.

Example of a base class that is open to deriving a new subclass from it:

// open on the class means this class will allow derived classesopen class MegaButton

class GigaButton: MegaButton

Abstract classes are open by default

Abstract classes define abstract, or "pure virtual", placeholder functions that will be implemented in a derived class. Abstract classes are open by default.

// No need for the open keyword here, it's already open by defaultabstract class Animated

Classes are public by default

Kotlin provides the following keywords to restrict visibility for top-level declarations (such as classes) and for class members: public, internal, protected, and private.

When applied to a class member:

Keyword Visibility
public (default) Everywhere
internal Within a module
protected Within subclasses
private Within a class

When applied to a top-level declaration:

Keyword Visibility
public (default) Everywhere
internal Within a module
private Within a file

Example:

// Class is visible only to current moduleinternal open class TalkativeButton

internal class MyTalkativeButton: TalkativeButton MyTalkativeButton.utter

Primary constructor vs. secondary constructors

Kotlin supports specifying a "primary constructor" as part of the class definition itself, consisting of an argument list following the class name. This argument list supports an expanded syntax on Kotlin's standard function argument lists that enables declaration of class properties in the primary constructor, including visibility, extensibility, and mutability attributes. Additionally, when defining a subclass, properties in super-interfaces and super-classes can be overridden in the primary constructor.

// Example of class using primary constructor syntax// (Only one constructor required for this class)open class BaseUser(open var isSubscribed: Boolean)open class PowerUser(protected val nickname: String, final override var isSubscribed: Boolean = true):BaseUser(isSubscribed)

However, when more than one constructor is needed for a class, a more general constructor can be defined using secondary constructor syntax, which closely resembles that of most object-oriented languages such as C++, C#, and Java.

// Example of class using secondary constructor syntax// (more than one constructor required for this class)class Contextclass AttributeSet

open class View(ctx:Context)

class MyButton : View

Sealed classes

Sealed classes and interfaces restrict subclass hierarchies, meaning more control over the inheritance hierarchy.

Declaration of sealed interface and class:

sealed interface Exprsealed class JobAll the subclasses of the sealed class are defined at compile time. No new subclasses can be added to it after the module containing the sealed class is compiled. For example, a sealed class in a compiled jar file cannot be subclassed.

sealed class Vehicledata class Car(val brandName: String, val owner: String, val color: String): Vehicleclass Bike(val brandName: String, val owner: String, val color: String): Vehicleclass Tractor(val brandName: String, val owner: String, val color: String): Vehicle

val kiaCar = Car("KIA", "John", "Blue")val hyundaiCar = Car("Hyundai", "Britto", "Green")

Data classes

Kotlin's data class construct defines classes whose primary purpose is storing data, similar to Java's record types. Like Java's record types, the construct is similar to a regular class, except that the key methods equals, hashCode, and toString are automatically generated from the class's properties. Unlike Java's records, data classes are open for inheritance.

Kotlin interactive shell

$ kotlinc-jvmtype :help for help; :quit for quit>>> 2 + 24>>> println("Hello, World!")Hello, World!

Kotlin as a scripting language

Kotlin can also be used as a scripting language. A script is a Kotlin source file using the filename extension, with executable source code at the top-level scope:

// list_folders.ktsimport java.io.File

val folders = File(args[0]).listFiles folders?.forEach(::println)

Scripts can be run by passing the -script option and the corresponding script file to the compiler.

$ kotlinc -script list_folders.kts "path_to_folder_to_inspect"

Null safety

Kotlin distinguishes between nullable and non-nullable data types. All nullable objects must be declared with a "?" postfix after the type name. Operations on nullable objects need special care from developers: a null-check must be performed before using the value, either explicitly, or with the aid of Kotlin's null-safe operators:

Lambdas

Kotlin supports higher-order functions and anonymous functions, or lambdas.[26]

// the following function takes a lambda, f, and executes f passing it the string "lambda"// note that (String) -> Unit indicates a lambda with a String parameter and Unit return typefun executeLambda(f: (String) -> Unit)

Lambdas are declared using braces, . If a lambda takes parameters, they are declared within the braces and followed by the operator.

// the following statement defines a lambda that takes a single parameter and passes it to the println functionval l = // lambdas with no parameters may simply be defined using val l2 =

"Hello world" example

(Taken from and explained at https://kotlinlang.org/docs/kotlin-tour-hello-world.html.)

fun main

Tools

See also: List of Kotlin software and tools.

Kotlin Multiplatform

Kotlin Multiplatform enables a single codebase to target multiple platforms, including Windows, Linux, the web, Android, and iOS.[36] [37]

Compose Multiplatform is a multiplatform UI framework based on Jetpack Compose. It is Jetpack Compose for Android ported to Windows, macOS, Linux, web, and iOS.[38] [39] [40] Jetpack Compose uses a Kotlin compiler plugin to transform composable functions into UI elements. For example, the Text composable function displays a text label on the screen.

Applications

When Kotlin was announced as an official Android development language at Google I/O in May 2017, it became the third language fully supported for Android, after Java and C++.[41], Kotlin was the most widely used language on Android, with Google estimating that 70% of the top 1,000 apps on the Play Store were written in Kotlin. Google itself had 60 apps written in Kotlin, including Maps and Drive. Many Android apps, such as Google Home, were in the process of migrating to Kotlin and therefore use both Kotlin and Java. Kotlin on Android is seen as beneficial for its null-safety and features that make code shorter and more readable.[42]

Ktor is a JetBrains Kotlin-first framework for building server and client applications.[43] The Spring Framework officially added Kotlin support with version 5, on 4 January 2017.[44] To further support Kotlin, Spring has translated all its documentation into Kotlin and added built-in support for many Kotlin-specific features, such as coroutines.[45]

In 2020, JetBrains found in a survey of developers who use Kotlin that 56% used it for mobile apps, while 47% used it for a web backend. Just over a third of all Kotlin developers said they were migrating from another language. Most Kotlin users targeted Android (or the JVM), with only 6% using Kotlin Native.[46]

Adoption

In 2018, Kotlin was the fastest-growing language on GitHub, with 2.6 times as many developers as in 2017.[47] It is the fourth-most-loved programming language according to the 2020 Stack Overflow Developer Survey.[48]

Kotlin was also awarded the O'Reilly Open Source Software Conference Breakout Award for 2019.[49]

Many companies/organizations have used Kotlin for backend development:

Some companies/organizations have used Kotlin for web development:

Several companies have publicly stated they were using Kotlin:

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Kotlin/Native target support Kotlin . 2025-10-16 . Kotlin Help . en-US.
  2. Web site: What is the correct English pronunciation of Kotlin?. 16 October 2019. 9 November 2019. 9 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191109155142/https://discuss.kotlinlang.org/t/what-is-the-correct-english-pronunciation-of-kotlin/2050. live.
  3. Web site: Kotlin for JavaScript - Kotlin Programming Language. 2020-08-20. Kotlin. en. 16 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200816160848/https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/js-overview.html. live.
  4. Web site: Kotlin for cross-platform mobile development. 2020-08-20. JetBrains: Developer Tools for Professionals and Teams. en. 19 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200819163838/https://www.jetbrains.com/lp/mobilecrossplatform/. live.
  5. Web site: Kotlin Foundation - Kotlin Programming Language. Kotlin. 16 December 2019. 29 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191229152934/https://kotlinlang.org/foundation/kotlin-foundation.html. live.
  6. Web site: Lardinois . Frederic . 7 May 2019 . Kotlin is now Google's preferred language for Android app development . 8 May 2019 . TechCrunch . en-US . 7 May 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190507203145/https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/07/kotlin-is-now-googles-preferred-language-for-android-app-development/ . live.
  7. Web site: Kotlin FAQ . Kotlin lets you choose the version of JVM for execution. By default, the Kotlin/JVM compiler produces Java 8 compatible bytecode. If you want to make use of optimizations available in newer versions of Java, you can explicitly specify the target Java version from 9 to 24. Note that in this case the resulting bytecode might not run on lower versions. Starting with Kotlin 1.5, the compiler does not support producing bytecode compatible with Java versions below 8. . 2025-10-16 . 2 June 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213318/https://kotlinlang.org/docs/faq.html#which-versions-of-jvm-does-kotlin-target . live.
  8. Web site: Stability of Kotlin Components . July 29, 2021 . May 21, 2021 . Kotlin . 29 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210729105608/https://kotlinlang.org/docs/components-stability.html . live.
  9. Web site: Kotlin 1.5.0 – the First Big Release of 2021 . July 29, 2021 . 4 May 2021 . Kotlin . 12 August 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210812172858/https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2021/05/kotlin-1-5-0-released/ . live.
  10. Web site: test · JetBrains/kotlin@3e4dce3 . 2022-10-17 . GitHub . en . 17 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221017184043/https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin/commit/3e4dce385331c91c9059fcdcea3eae2394f34942 . live.
  11. News: Krill . Paul . 22 July 2011 . JetBrains readies JVM language Kotlin . . 2 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190907161741/https://www.infoworld.com/article/2622405/jetbrains-readies-jvm-based-language.html . 7 September 2019 . live.
  12. News: Waters . John . 22 February 2012 . Kotlin Goes Open Source . ADTmag.com . 1105 Enterprise Computing Group . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140218225151/https://adtmag.com/articles/2012/02/22/kotlin-goes-open-source.aspx . 18 February 2014 . 2 February 2014.
  13. Web site: Why JetBrains needs Kotlin . 2 August 2011 . 11 February 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230816024048/https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2011/08/why-jetbrains-needs-kotlin/ . 16 August 2023 . we expect Kotlin to drive the sales of IntelliJ IDEA.
  14. Web site: Kotlin 1.0 Released: Pragmatic Language for JVM and Android | Kotlin Blog . Blog.jetbrains.com . 15 February 2016 . 11 April 2017 . 24 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180124194203/https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2016/02/kotlin-1-0-released-pragmatic-language-for-jvm-and-android/ . live.
  15. News: Shafirov . Maxim . 17 May 2017 . Kotlin on Android. Now official . Today, at the Google I/O keynote, the Android team announced first-class support for Kotlin. . 18 May 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529180054/https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2017/05/kotlin-on-android-now-official/ . 29 May 2023.
  16. News: JVM Languages Report extended interview with Kotlin creator Andrey Breslav . Zeroturnaround.com . 22 April 2013 . 2 February 2014 . 15 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182139/https://zeroturnaround.com/rebellabs/jvm-languages-report-extended-interview-with-kotlin-creator-andrey-breslav/ . live.
  17. Web site: Semicolons . jetbrains.com . 8 February 2014 . 23 December 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151223142747/https://confluence.jetbrains.com/display/Kotlin/Grammar#Grammar-Semicolons . live.
  18. Web site: Types are moving to the right. Medium. 16 July 2020. 6 November 2021. 22 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230522024640/https://elizarov.medium.com/types-are-moving-to-the-right-22c0ef31dd4a#:~:text=Woot!%20That%E2%80%99s%20nice%20and%20aligns,%20pleasure%20for%20our%20eyes%20to%20see.. live.
  19. Web site: Roman Elizarov is the new Project Lead for Kotlin. The Kotlin Blog. 19 November 2020. JetBrains. 7 November 2021. 20 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220120205530/https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2020/11/roman-elizarov-is-the-new-project-lead-for-kotlin/. live.
  20. Web site: functions . jetbrains.com . 8 February 2014 . 23 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151123112725/https://confluence.jetbrains.com/display/Kotlin/Functions . live.
  21. Web site: What's New in Kotlin 1.3 - Kotlin Programming Language. Kotlin. 4 April 2020. 22 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230822164600/https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/whatsnew13.html. live.
  22. Web site: Design by Contract (DbC) design considerations. Implement the full semantics of Eiffel DbC and improve upon it.. 16 August 2012. Kotlin Discussions. en-US. 4 April 2020. 5 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081654/https://discuss.kotlinlang.org/t/design-by-contract-dbc-design-considerations/1321. live.
  23. Web site: Kotlin for JavaScript Kotlin. 21 January 2021. 2021-03-19. Kotlin Help. en-US. 14 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230714143003/https://kotlinlang.org/docs/js-overview.html#use-cases-for-kotlin-js. live.
  24. Web site: Kotlin Examples: Learn Kotlin Programming By Example . 13 April 2019 . 18 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211118223052/https://play.kotlinlang.org/byExample/01_introduction/01_Hello%20world . dead.
  25. Web site: Scope functions Kotlin . 2024-08-10 . Kotlin Help . en-US.
  26. Web site: Higher-Order Functions and Lambdas. Kotlin. Jetbrains. 19 January 2018. 22 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222128/https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/lambdas.html. live.
  27. Web site: Kotlin and Android. Android Developers. 19 June 2017. 4 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231004062949/https://developer.android.com/kotlin. live.
  28. Web site: Using Maven – Kotlin Programming Language . kotlinlang.org . 9 May 2017 . 3 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161103233907/http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/using-maven.html . live.
  29. Web site: Using Ant – Kotlin Programming Language . kotlinlang.org . 9 May 2017 . 3 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161103233835/http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/using-ant.html . live.
  30. Web site: Using Gradle – Kotlin Programming Language . kotlinlang.org . 9 May 2017 . 9 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161109185109/http://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/using-gradle.html . live.
  31. Web site: Getting Started with Eclipse Neon – Kotlin Programming Language . Kotlinlang.org . 10 November 2016 . 11 April 2017 . 18 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230518022923/https://kotlinlang.org/docs/tutorials/getting-started-eclipse.html . live.
  32. Web site: JetBrains/kotlin-eclipse: Kotlin Plugin for Eclipse . GitHub . 11 April 2017 . 16 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160216150931/https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin-eclipse . live.
  33. Web site: Kotlin Plugin for JetBrains IDEs .
  34. Web site: What's New in IntelliJ IDEA 2017.1 . Jetbrains.com . 11 April 2017 . 3 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231003212723/https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/whatsnew/ . live.
  35. Web site: Gradle . 2024-04-08 . Kotlin Help . en-US . 8 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240408064338/https://kotlinlang.org/docs/gradle.html . live.
  36. Web site: Kotlin Multiplatform Overview . 2025-06-14 . Android Developers . en.
  37. Web site: Kotlin Multiplatform – Build Cross-Platform Apps . 2025-06-14 . JetBrains . en.
  38. Web site: Compose Multiplatform – Beautiful UIs Everywhere . 2025-06-14 . JetBrains . en.
  39. Web site: What's new in Compose Multiplatform 1.8.1 Kotlin Multiplatform . 2025-06-14 . Kotlin Multiplatform Help . en-US.
  40. Web site: Compatibility and versions Kotlin Multiplatform . 2025-06-14 . Kotlin Multiplatform Help . en-US.
  41. News: Lardinois. Frederic . Google makes Kotlin a first-class language for writing Android apps . techcrunch.com . en-US . 17 May 2017 . 28 June 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170522065631/https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/17/google-makes-kotlin-a-first-class-language-for-writing-android-apps/ . 22 May 2017.
  42. Web site: Kotlin programming language: How Google is using it to squash the code bugs that cause most crashes. ZDNet. 6 December 2020. 6 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230406045458/https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-were-using-kotlin-programming-language-to-squash-the-bugs-that-cause-most-crashes/. live.
  43. Web site: Welcome Ktor . 2025-09-15 . Ktor Help . en-US.
  44. Web site: Introducing Kotlin support in Spring Framework 5.0 . Spring . 4 January 2017 . Pivotal . 29 September 2020 . 23 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230823031409/https://spring.io/blog/2017/01/04/introducing-kotlin-support-in-spring-framework-5-0/ . live.
  45. Web site: The State of Kotlin Support in Spring. JetBrains. 14 August 2020. 6 December 2020. en. 7 June 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230607090327/https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2020/08/the-state-of-kotlin-support-in-spring/. live.
  46. Web site: Kotlin Programming - The State of Developer Ecosystem 2020 . JetBrains . 29 September 2020 . en . 5 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081654/https://www.jetbrains.com/lp/devecosystem-2020/kotlin/ . live.
  47. Web site: The state of the Octoverse . 24 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190322190823/https://octoverse.github.com/projects . 22 March 2019 . dead.
  48. Web site: Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2020. 28 May 2020. 4 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200604090141/https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020#most-loved-dreaded-and-wanted. live.
  49. Web site: Kotlin wins Breakout Project of the Year award at OSCON '19. 18 July 2019. 24 July 2019. 17 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220517113227/https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2019/07/kotlin-wins-breakout-project-of-the-year-award-at-oscon-19/. live.
  50. Web site: Kotlin at Allegro . Talking Kotlin . October 2018 . 29 September 2020 . en . 1 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601132552/https://talkingkotlin.com/kotlin-at-allegro/ . live.
  51. Web site: QLDB at Amazon . Talking Kotlin . 30 June 2020 . 29 September 2020 . 1 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601121344/https://talkingkotlin.com/qldb/ . live.
  52. Web site: Future of Jira Software powered by Kotlin . YouTube . 29 October 2019 . 1 September 2023 . 1 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230901061928/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GkoB4hZUnw . live.
  53. Web site: Going Full Kotlin Multiplatform . Talking Kotlin . 14 April 2020 . 29 September 2020 . en . 5 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230405221631/https://talkingkotlin.com/going-full-kotlin-multiplatform/ . live.
  54. Web site: square/sqldelight . . 24 July 2019 . 20 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190620112740/https://github.com/square/sqldelight . live.
  55. Web site: Using Kotlin for backend development at Flux . Talking Kotlin . 14 August 2019 . 29 September 2020 . en . 1 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601111601/https://talkingkotlin.com/Using-Kotlin-for-backend-development-at-Flux/ . live.
  56. Web site: State of Kotlin on Android . 29 September 2020 . YouTube . 10 June 2020 . 15 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223201/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgPj1Q6D--c&feature=youtu.be&t=309 . live.
  57. Web site: Gradle Kotlin DSL Primer . docs.gradle.org . 29 September 2020 . 18 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230818005932/https://docs.gradle.org/current/userguide/kotlin_dsl.html . live.
  58. Web site: Kotless . Talking Kotlin . 30 January 2020 . 29 September 2020 . en . 5 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081655/https://talkingkotlin.com/kotless/ . live.
  59. Web site: Kotlin on the backend at Meshcloud . Talking Kotlin . 28 February 2018 . 29 September 2020 . en . 6 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406111418/https://talkingkotlin.com/kotlin-on-the-backend-at-meshcloud/ . live.
  60. Web site: KotlinConf 2019: Kotlin Runs Taxes in Norway by Jarle Hansen & Anders Mikkelsen . YouTube . 16 December 2019 . 29 September 2020 . 10 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230410210206/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K8XxaAba65g&list=PLQ176FUIyIUY6SKGl3Cj9yeYibBuRr3Hl&index=22 . live.
  61. Web site: Greenfield Kotlin at OLX . Talking Kotlin . 24 August 2018 . 29 September 2020 . en . 1 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601115345/https://talkingkotlin.com/greenfield-kotlin-at-olx/ . live.
  62. Web site: Application Monitoring with Micrometer . Talking Kotlin . 14 June 2018 . 29 September 2020 . en . 1 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230401140822/https://talkingkotlin.com/application-monitoring-with-micrometer/ . live.
  63. Web site: Groovy and Kotlin Interop at Rocket Travel . Talking Kotlin . 14 May 2018 . 29 September 2020 . en . 5 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081653/https://talkingkotlin.com/groovy-and-kotlin-interop-at-rocket-travel/ . live.
  64. Web site: Kotlin at Shazam . Talking Kotlin . 29 July 2018 . 29 September 2020 . en . 1 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230401145508/https://talkingkotlin.com/kotlin-at-shazam/ . live.
  65. Web site: Zally - An API Linter . Talking Kotlin . 29 January 2018 . 29 September 2020 . en . 6 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406111421/https://talkingkotlin.com/Zally-An-API-Linter/ . live.
  66. Web site: Java/Kotlin Developer - Barclays - Prague - Wizbii . Wizbii.com . 29 September 2020 . en.
  67. Web site: KotlinConf 2017 - Frontend Kotlin from the Trenches by Gaetan Zoritchak . YouTube . 30 November 2017 . 29 September 2020 . 10 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230410010605/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Pu0TYJJ2Tw&list=PLQ176FUIyIUY6UK1cgVsbdPYA3X5WLam5&index=14 . live.
  68. Web site: Fritz2 . Talking Kotlin . 14 September 2020 . 29 September 2020 . en . 6 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230406204445/https://talkingkotlin.com/fritz2/ . live.
  69. Web site: KotlinConf 2019: Kotlin in Space by Maxim Mazin . YouTube . 18 December 2019 . 29 September 2020 . 9 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230409112530/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnmHqKLgYY4 . live.
  70. News: How we made Basecamp 3's Android app 100% Kotlin – Signal v. Noise . https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180801160548/https://m.signalvnoise.com/how-we-made-basecamp-3s-android-app-100-kotlin-35e4e1c0ef12?gi=e9a4b3c9bf9f . dead . 1 August 2018 . 29 April 2017 . Signal v. Noise . 1 May 2017.
  71. Web site: Becoming bilingual@coursera . 26 April 2018 . 24 July 2019 . 15 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223242/https://medium.com/coursera-engineering/becoming-bilingual-coursera-d8048dce73e3 . live.
  72. Web site: Kotlin in Production – What works, Whats broken . Blog.dripstat.com . 24 September 2016 . 11 April 2017 . 1 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190701030659/https://blog.dripstat.com/kotlin-in-production-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-2/ . dead.
  73. Web site: Chaidarun . Art . Migrating Duolingo's Android app to 100% Kotlin . Duolingo Blog . en . 6 April 2020.
  74. Web site: Porting Million Lines of Code from Java to Kotlin at Meta .
  75. Web site: Rob Spieldenner on twitter . 24 July 2019 . 25 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221225132754/https://twitter.com/robspieldenner/status/708355228832178176 . live.
  76. Web site: Droidcon NYC 2016 - Kotlin in Production . . 3 November 2016 . 24 July 2019 . 14 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230414150938/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDpnc45WwlI . live.
  77. Web site: Dan Lew on Twitter . 24 July 2019 . 2 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230502024553/https://twitter.com/danlew42/status/809065097339564032 . live.
  78. Web site: 30 April 2019 . Measuring Kotlin Build Performance at Uber . 6 March 2024 . 5 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230605173159/https://www.uber.com/blog/measuring-kotlin-build-performance/ . live.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Kotlin".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2026, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.