Tested with Python 3.10.1 on Linux and Python 3.10.0 on Windows.
The following code prints None in 3.9 and raises StopIteration without any additional information in 3.10:
    def f():
        yield
    x = f()
    try:
        x.send(0)
    except TypeError as e:
        print(e) # can't send non-None value to a just-started generator
    print(next(x))

New changeset 69806b9516dbe092381f3ef884c7c64bb9b8414a by Mark Shannon in branch 'main':
bpo-46009: Do not exhaust generator when send() method raises (GH-29986)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/69806b9516dbe092381f3ef884c7c64bb9b8414a

New changeset 99c72326d245fb604609a87a51ef1ad0845467b7 by Mark Shannon in branch '3.10':
[3.10] bpo-46009: Do not exhaust generator when send() method raises (GH-29986). (GH-29988)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/99c72326d245fb604609a87a51ef1ad0845467b7

New changeset 31e43cbe5f01cdd5b5ab330ec3040920e8b61a91 by Brandt Bucher in branch 'main':
bpo-46009: Remove GEN_START (GH-30367)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/31e43cbe5f01cdd5b5ab330ec3040920e8b61a91

GH-30367 broke Emscripten WASM builds. I'm getting a "null function or function signature mismatch" error from the WASM engine:
RuntimeError: null function or function signature mismatch
    at _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[2383]:0x103a6f)
    at gen_send_ex2 (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[886]:0x4f35d)
    at gen_iternext (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[893]:0x4fb1a)
    at builtin_any (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[3927]:0x198a87)
    at cfunction_vectorcall_O (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[403]:0x201ae)
    at PyObject_Vectorcall (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[2426]:0x109dbe)
    at _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[2383]:0x1062ba)
    at _PyEval_Vector (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[2380]:0xfc366)
    at PyEval_EvalCode (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[2379]:0xfc014)
    at _PyConfig_InitPathConfig (http://localhost:8000/python.wasm:wasm-function[6871]:0x2924b0)
I'm trying to get more debug information now.

I got more debug symbols:
python.js:235 Uncaught RuntimeError: null function or function signature mismatch
    at _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault (ceval.c:4247)
    at _PyEval_EvalFrame (pycore_ceval.h:48)
    at gen_send_ex2 (genobject.c:219)
    at gen_iternext (genobject.c:583)
    at builtin_any (bltinmodule.c:384)
    at cfunction_vectorcall_O (methodobject.c:516)
    at _PyObject_VectorcallTstate.11 (pycore_call.h:89)
    at PyObject_Vectorcall (call.c:298)
    at _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault (ceval.c:4625)
    at _PyEval_EvalFrame.1 (pycore_ceval.h:48)
The culprit is
   PyObject *next = (*Py_TYPE(iter)->tp_iternext)(iter);
in the TARGET(FOR_ITER) target. An additional NULL check resolves the problem.
index 953876f6226..390400b3246 100644
--- a/Python/ceval.c
+++ b/Python/ceval.c
@@ -4244,7 +4244,12 @@ _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault(PyThreadState *tstate, InterpreterFrame *frame, int thr
             PREDICTED(FOR_ITER);
             /* before: [iter]; after: [iter, iter()] *or* [] */
             PyObject *iter = TOP();
-            PyObject *next = (*Py_TYPE(iter)->tp_iternext)(iter);
+            PyObject *(*iternext)(PyObject *) = *Py_TYPE(iter)->tp_iternext;
+            if (iternext == NULL) {
+                PyErr_BadInternalCall();
+                goto error;
+               }
+            PyObject *next = iternext(iter);
             if (next != NULL) {
                 PUSH(next);
                 PREDICT(STORE_FAST);

False alarm ... the frozen files for getpath.py were out of date. I can no longer reproduce the issue after a hard git clean and rebuild.

stage: needs patch -> resolved

nosy: + christian.heimes
messages: + msg409770

resolution: fixed -> (no value)
stage: resolved -> needs patch

pull_requests: + pull_request28580