One of my favorite things about the recent Go 1.16 release is a small — but very welcome — addition to the flag package: the flag.Func() function. This makes it much easier to define and use custom command-line flags in your application.
For example, if you want to parse a flag like --urls="http://example.com http://example.org" directly into a []*url.URL slice, then previously you had two options. You could either create a custom type to implement the flag.Value interface, or leverage a third-party package like pflag.
But now the flag.Func() function gives you a simple and lightweight alternative. In this short post we're going to take a look at a few examples of how you can use it in your own code.
Parsing custom flag types
To demonstrate how this works, let's start with the example I gave above and create an application which accepts a list of URLs, converts each one to a url.URL type, and then prints them out. Similar to this:
$ go run . --urls="http://example.com http://example.org http://example.net"
2023/11/13 17:25:37 http://example.com
2023/11/13 17:25:37 http://example.org
2023/11/13 17:25:37 http://example.net
To make this work, we'll need to do two things:
- Split the values in the
--urlsflag on whitespace to get the individual URLs. Thestrings.Fields()function is a good fit for this task. - Convert the individual URL
stringvalues to aurl.URLtype. We can do this using theurl.Parse()function.
We can use those together with flag.Func() like so:
package main
import (
"flag"
"log"
"net/url"
"strings"
)
func main() {
// First we need to declare a variable to hold the values from the
// command-line flags. You should also set any defaults, which will be used
// if the relevant flag is not provided at runtime.
var (
urls []*url.URL // Default of a nil slice.
)
// The flag.Func() function takes three parameters: the flag name,
// descriptive help text, and a function with the signature `func(string)
// error` which is called to process the string value from the command-line
// flag at runtime and assign it to the necessary variable. In this case, we
// use strings.Fields() to split the string based on whitespace, parse each
// part using url.Parse() and append it to the urls slice that we
// declared above. It url.Parse() returns an error, then we return this from
// the function.
flag.Func("urls", "List of URLs to print", func(flagValue string) error {
for _, u := range strings.Fields(flagValue) {
parsedURL, err := url.Parse(u)
if err != nil {
return err
}
urls = append(urls, parsedURL)
}
return nil
})
// Importantly, call flag.Parse() to trigger actual parsing of the
// flags.
flag.Parse()
// Print out the URLs, pausing between each iteration.
for _, u := range urls {
log.Print(u)
}
}
If you try to run this application, you should find that the flags are parsed and work just like you would expect. For example:
$ go run . --urls="http://example.com http://example.org http://example.net"
2023/11/13 19:18:16 http://example.com
2023/11/13 19:18:16 http://example.org
2023/11/13 19:18:16 http://example.net
Whereas if you provide an invalid flag value that triggers an error in the flag.Func() function, Go will automatically display the corresponding error message and exit. For example:
go run . --urls="http://example.com http://thisisinvalid%+"
invalid value "http://example.com http://thisisinvalid%+" for flag -urls: parse "http://thisisinvalid%+": invalid URL escape "%+"
Usage of /tmp/go-build520367363/b001/exe/cust:
-urls value
List of URLs to print
exit status 2
Default flag values
It's really important to point out that if a flag isn't provided, the corresponding flag.Func() function will not be called at all. This means that you cannot set a default value inside a flag.Func() function, so trying to do something like this won't work:
var foo string
flag.Func("example", "Example help text", func(flagValue string) error {
// DON'T DO THIS! This function won't be called if the flag value is "".
if flagValue == "" {
foo = "bar"
return nil
}
...
})
Instead you need to set the default value for a flag before flag.Func() is called. For example:
foo := "bar"
flag.Func("example", "Example help text", func(flagValue string) error {
...
})
Validating flag values
The flag.Func() function also opens up some new opportunities for validating input data from command-line flags. For example, let's say that your application has an --environment flag and you want to restrict the possible values to development, staging or production.
To do that, you can implement a flag.Func() function similar to this:
package main
import (
"errors"
"flag"
"fmt"
)
func main() {
var (
environment = "development"
)
flag.Func("environment", "Operating environment", func(flagValue string) error {
for _, allowedValue := range []string{"development", "staging", "production"} {
if flagValue == allowedValue {
environment = flagValue
return nil
}
}
return errors.New(`must be one of "development", "staging" or "production"`)
})
flag.Parse()
fmt.Printf("The operating environment is: %s\n", environment)
}Making reusable helpers
If you find yourself repeating the same code in your flag.Func() functions, or the logic is getting too complex, it's possible to break it out into a reusable helper. For example, we could rewrite the example above to process our --environment flag via a generic enumFlag() function, like so:
package main
import (
"flag"
"fmt"
)
func main() {
var (
environment string = "development"
)
enumFlag(&environment, "environment", []string{"development", "staging", "production"}, "Operating environment")
flag.Parse()
fmt.Printf("The operating environment is: %s\n", environment)
}
func enumFlag(target *string, name string, safelist []string, usage string) {
flag.Func(name, usage, func(flagValue string) error {
for _, allowedValue := range safelist {
if flagValue == allowedValue {
*target = flagValue
return nil
}
}
return fmt.Errorf("must be one of %v", safelist)
})
}
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